Recent developments in fabrication and structure regulation of visible-light-driven g-C3N4-based photocatalysts towards water purification: A critical review

Zhang, Sai; Gu, Ping; Ma, Ran; Luo, Chunting; Wen, Tao; Zhao, Guixia; Cheng, Wencai; Wang, Xiangke

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2018.09.013

Cited by 366 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…[ 4 ] Recently, visible light‐activated nano‐photocatalysts have gained significant tractions and graphitic carbon nitrite (g‐C 3 N 4 ) as a representative material was added to the family. [ 5 ] Irrespective of the light spectra by which the nano‐photocatalysts were activated, one of the key working principles of nano‐photocatalysts remains similar, that is, light‐activated formation of electron–hole pairs leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as ·OH and ·O 2 − . [ 6 ]…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Hazard Potential of Nano‐Photocatalysts Determined by Nano‐Bio Interactions and Exposure Conditions

Peng

Jiang

et al. 2020

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Nano‐photocatalysts are known for their ability to degrade pollutants or perform water splitting catalyzed by light. Being the key functional ingredients of current and future products, the potential of nano‐photocatalysts releasing into the environment and causing unintended harm to living organisms warrants investigation. Risk assessment of these materials serves as an important step to allow safe implementation and to avoid irrational fear. Using TiO2 and g‐C3N4 as representative nano‐photocatalysts, this study evaluates their hazard potential in zebrafish. Under simulated solar light, nano‐photocatalysts up to 100 mg L−1 show no acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos due to the protection of chorions. The short‐lived reactive oxygen species generated by nano‐photocatalysts only exert injury to the hatched larvae at and above 50 mg L−1. The input of solar energy, determined by the depth of water, irradiation time, and light intensity, greatly influences the toxicity outcome. Increasing concentrations of natural organic matters contribute positively to the hazard potential at 0–10 mg L−1 while gradually diminishing the hazardous effect above 10 mg L−1. This study demonstrates the importance of nano‐bio interactions and environmental exposure conditions in determining the safety profile of nano‐photocatalysts.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Hazard Potential of Nano‐Photocatalysts Determined by Nano‐Bio Interactions and Exposure Conditions

Peng

Jiang

et al. 2020

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“…Moreover, most of these wastes, particularly from the illegal industrial activities, contain some quantity of toxic metal ions, organic molecules, dyes and other cancercausing chemicals (Li et al 2018a;Yu et al 2017). In order to address the urgent situation of water shortage and water pollution, numerous efforts are put to the development of highly effective technologies and materials (Li et al 2018a;Yu et al 2017;Zhang et al 2019;Wang et al 2016a;Gu et al 2018). A number of efficient materials (e.g., clay minerals, carbon materials, natural/man-made nanomaterials) and technologies (e.g., adsorption, catalytic degradation, filtration) have been employed to remove the contaminants from wastewater (Wu et al 2018;Chen et al 2018a;Wang et al 2018a;El-Qanni et al 2016;Xu et al 2016;Gu et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar-based materials and their applications in removal of organic contaminants from wastewater: state-of-the-art review

Huang

Song

Chen

et al. 2019

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As a class of famous carbon materials, biochars (BCs) and their derivative materials with excellent physicochemical properties and diversified functionalities present great potential in wastewater treatment fields. This review focuses on the latest development in reported biochar-based materials as superior adsorbents or catalysts for removing harmful organic contaminants from wastewater. The construction and properties of biochar-based materials are briefly introduced at the beginning. As one of the major factors affecting the properties of BCs, the wide diversity of feedstocks, such as agricultural and forest residues, industrial by-products as well as municipal wastes, endows BCs different chemical compositions and structures. Woody and herbaceous BCs usually have higher carbon contents, larger surface areas and strong aromaticity, which is in favor of the organic contaminant removal. Driven by the desire of more cost-effective materials, several types of biochar-based hybrid materials, such as magnetic BC composites (MBC), nanometal/nanometallic oxides/hydroxide BC composites and layered nanomaterial-coated BCs, as well as physically/chemically activated BCs, have also been developed. With the help of foreign materials, these types of hybrid BCs have excellent capacities to remove a wide range of organic contaminants, including organic dyestuff, phenols and chemical intermediates, as well as pharmaceutically active compounds, from aquatic solutions. Depending on the different types of biochar-based materials, organic contaminants can be removed by different mechanisms, such as physical adsorption, electrostatic interaction, π-π interaction and Fenton process, as well as photocatalytic degradation. In summary, the low cost, tunable surface chemistry and excellent physical-chemical properties of BCs allow it to be a potential material in organic contaminant removal. The combination of BCs with foreign materials endows BCs more functionalities and broader development opportunities. Considering the urgent demand of practical wastewater treatment, we hope more researches will focus on the applications and commercialization of biochar-based materials.

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“…The specific architecture of g‐C 3 N 4 is based on two basic tectonic units: s ‐triazine (C 3 N 3 ) and tri‐ s ‐triazine (C 6 N 7 ) rings, respectively (Figure 1). Furthermore, g‐C 3 N 4 with regular tri‐ s ‐triazine units is regarded as the most stable phase at ambient conditions, which has been verified by the density functional theory (DFT) 57,58 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄)‐based nanosized heteroarrays: Promising materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting

et al. 2020

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is recognized as a sustainable strategy for hydrogen generation due to its abundant hydrogen source, utilization of inexhaustible solar energy, high‐purity product, and environment‐friendly process. To actualize a practical PEC water splitting, it is paramount to develop efficient, stable, safe, and low‐cost photoelectrode materials. Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has aroused a great interest in the new generation photoelectrode materials because of its unique features, such as suitable band structure for water splitting, a certain range of visible light absorption, nontoxicity, and good stability. Some inherent defects of g‐C3N4, however, seriously impair further improvement on PEC performance, including low electronic conductivity, high recombination rate of photogenerated charges, and limited visible light absorption at long wavelength range. Construction of g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarrays as photoelectrodes has been regarded as a promising strategy to circumvent these inherent limitations and achieve the high‐performance PEC water splitting due to the accelerated exciton separation and the reduced combination of photogenerated electrons/holes. Herein, we summarize in detail the latest progress of g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarrays in PEC water‐splitting photoelectrodes. Firstly, the unique advantages of this type of photoelectrodes, including the highly ordered nanoarray architectures and the heterojunctions, are highlighted. Then, different g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarrays are comprehensively discussed, in terms of their fabrication methods, PEC capacities, and mechanisms, etc. To conclude, the key challenges and possible solutions for future development on g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarray photoelectrodes are discussed.

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Recent developments in fabrication and structure regulation of visible-light-driven g-C3N4-based photocatalysts towards water purification: A critical review

Cited by 366 publications

References 142 publications

Environmental Hazard Potential of Nano‐Photocatalysts Determined by Nano‐Bio Interactions and Exposure Conditions

Environmental Hazard Potential of Nano‐Photocatalysts Determined by Nano‐Bio Interactions and Exposure Conditions

Biochar-based materials and their applications in removal of organic contaminants from wastewater: state-of-the-art review

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄)‐based nanosized heteroarrays: Promising materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting

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Recent developments in fabrication and structure regulation of visible-light-driven g-C3N4-based photocatalysts towards water purification: A critical review

Cited by 366 publications

References 142 publications

Environmental Hazard Potential of Nano‐Photocatalysts Determined by Nano‐Bio Interactions and Exposure Conditions

Environmental Hazard Potential of Nano‐Photocatalysts Determined by Nano‐Bio Interactions and Exposure Conditions

Biochar-based materials and their applications in removal of organic contaminants from wastewater: state-of-the-art review

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based nanosized heteroarrays: Promising materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄)‐based nanosized heteroarrays: Promising materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting