Recent Developments in Enzyme, DNA and Immuno-Based Biosensors

Asal, Melis; Özen, Özlem; Sahinler, Mert; Polatoğlu, İlker

doi:10.3390/s18061924

Cited by 109 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…An impedimetric DNA biosensor converts the biochemical affinity binding event of the target molecule with the DNA probe into an analytical signal corresponding to the charge-transfer resistance (R ct ) between a redox-active species from the solution and the electrode surface. In contrast to classic approaches for DNA sensors, with target DNA labeled by an enzyme or a fluorophore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers label-free detection in addition to the advantages of relative simplicity, low cost, ease of miniaturization, and portability [13,14]. Other electrochemical detection methods include the common amperometric or voltammetric techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry, which involve the measurement of a current related to the analyte concentration under controlled potential conditions [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other electrochemical detection methods include the common amperometric or voltammetric techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry, which involve the measurement of a current related to the analyte concentration under controlled potential conditions [15,16]. EIS is a technique of choice because it can detect significant changes in the signal in a low target concentration range [14,17] and is non-destructive, due to the low amplitude voltage perturbation that is much smaller than that used in amperometric testing [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Graphene Oxide Concentration when Fabricating an Electrochemical Biosensor for DNA Detection

et al. 2019

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We have investigated the influence exerted by the concentration of graphene oxide (GO) dispersion as a modifier for screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) on the fabrication of an electrochemical biosensor to detect DNA hybridization. A new pretreatment protocol for SPCEs, involving two successive steps in order to achieve a reproducible deposition of GO, is also proposed. Aqueous GO dispersions of different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/mL) were first drop-cast on the SPCE substrates and then electrochemically reduced. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrodes were investigated after each modification step by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), while physicochemical characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, the sensing platform was obtained by the simple adsorption of the single-stranded DNA probe onto the electrochemically reduced GO (RGO)-modified SPCEs under optimized conditions. The hybridization was achieved by incubating the functionalized SPCEs with complementary DNA target and detected by measuring the change in the electrochemical response of [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– redox reporter in CV and EIS measurements induced by the release of the newly formed double-stranded DNA from the electrode surface. Our results showed that a higher GO concentration generated a more sensitive response towards DNA detection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Graphene Oxide Concentration when Fabricating an Electrochemical Biosensor for DNA Detection

et al. 2019

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“…Electrochemical analysis has the advantages of easily created probes (being an inexpensive process), the ability to miniaturize the probes, and real-time measurement [1]. In addition, biosensors can be constructed with high selectivity, sensitivity, and time resolution using enzymatic reactions [2][3][4][5]. Biosensors then can be optimized according to its purpose (e.g., food, medical, industrial, or environmental analysis use).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Oxidation of Amines Using a Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst and the Electroanalysis of Lidocaine

et al. 2018

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The nitroxyl radical of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) can electro-oxidize not only alcohols but also amines. However, TEMPO has low activity in a neutral aqueous solution due to the large steric hindrance around the nitroxyl radical, which is the active site. Therefore, nortropine N-oxyl (NNO) was synthesized to improve the catalytic ability of TEMPO and to investigate the electrolytic oxidation effect on amines from anodic current changes. Ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tetraethylamine, isopropylamine, and tert-butylamine were investigated. The results indicated that TEMPO produced no response current for any of the amines under physiological conditions; however, NNO did function as an electrolytic oxidation catalyst for diethylamine, triethylamine, and isopropylamine. The anodic current depended on amine concentration, which suggests that NNO can be used as an electrochemical sensor for amine compounds. In addition, electrochemical detection of lidocaine, a local anesthetic containing a tertiary amine structure, was demonstrated using NNO with a calibration curve of 0.1-10 mM.around the nitroxyl radical active site, and an adequate response current could not be obtained under physiological conditions. Iwabuchi and colleagues [22] reported that 2-azaadamantane N-oxyl (AZADO), which lacks steric hindrance around the active site, exhibited greater activity than TEMPO in organic synthesis reactions. Less-hindered nitroxyl radicals with various steric environments have been synthesized, and those with less bulky functionality exhibited greater activity [23][24][25][26]. Therefore, nortropine N-oxyl (NNO), which was modeled on AZADO, was synthesized in one step as a novel nitroxyl radical compound [27]. The NNO was capable of electrolytic oxidation of alcohols in neutral aqueous solutions. The NNO could be used in place of enzymes, allowing non-enzymatic analysis of glucose under physiological conditions [27]. Phenylboronic acid derivatives have been investigated as glucose sensors [28][29][30]. Phenylboronic acid (PBA) spontaneously binds with a moiety containing a diol [31]. The structural and electrical changes in PBA derivative probes when PBA bonds with the diol moiety can be used for glucose detection [32][33][34]. However, these probes had low specificity for glucose and did not respond under physiological conditions. Superiority of NNO was demonstrated from this report [27]. In contrast, TEMPO has catalytic oxidation ability toward amines as well as alcohols [35][36][37]. Therefore, the present study examined the electrolytic oxidation effect of NNO on amines under physiological conditions and compared the results with those obtained with TEMPO. The results demonstrated that NNO was a good electrochemical analysis probe for secondary and tertiary amines and for isopropylamine under physiological conditions (Figure 1). The oxoammonium ion, which is the active species, reacts with the amine to form hydroxylamine. The catalyst regenerates by reoxidation of hydroxylamine. Furthermore, ele...

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“…In the current review, we describe the potential diagnostic applications of new technologies based on biosensors, microarrays, microfluidics, and nanobodies. The utility of several emerging technologies has been reported previously [98,99].…”

Section: Emerging Diagnostic Technologies For Dengue Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Laboratory diagnosis of Dengue virus infection: a review

Mwanyika

Misinzo

Rugarabamu

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Globally, dengue is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases. Lack of effective vaccines and specific therapy against the disease threaten global health. Reliance on clinical diagnosis is complex due to clinical manifestations which resemble other diseases. This review examined various challenges of current dengue laboratory diagnoses, emerging technological opportunities and highlights considerations for future dengue diagnoses. Methods: A literature search from PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases was done from October 2018 to January 2019. Thematic descriptive analysis was done for all qualitative data and quantitative data analysis for computation of sensitivity and specificity of selected diagnostic tests at 95% confidence was done using R software (v3.4.4, mada package). The results: A total of 128 articles was reviewed. The current dengue laboratory diagnoses include (i) virus isolation (ii) detection of nucleic acid (iii) detection of non-structural protein 1(NS1) antigen and (iv) detection of anti-dengue antibodies. Assessment of diagnostic performance shows that reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA) have high and consistent sensitivity (82.6% to 99.2% and 92.8% to 97.8%, respectively) and specificity (78.8% to 100% and 80.3% to 99%, respectively) compared to NS1 ELISA and NS1 commercial rapid tests with sensitivity (53.7% to 96.2% and 49.7% to 99.5%, respectively) and specificity (34.5% to 93.8% and 63.8% to 98.6%, respectively). Major challenges of dengue laboratory diagnosis include lack of reliable tests for routine purposes. Routine dengue tests are mainly serological, which are not suitable for discriminating dengue virus from other infecting flaviviruses due to cross-reactivity, narrow window of diagnosis due to short virus life cycle and inconsistent performance of commercial rapid tests. New technologies such as biosensors and nanobodies are being developed to improve sensitivity, specificity, detection time and reduce the cost. However, the performance of these new tools under field condition is unknown. Conclusion: Currently, RT-PCR and IgM ELISA are the most sensitive and specific dengue diagnostic tests, despite their limitations. Future research should explore emerging technologies to improve the sensitivity and specificity of dengue diagnostics.

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Recent Developments in Enzyme, DNA and Immuno-Based Biosensors

Cited by 109 publications

References 68 publications

Influence of Graphene Oxide Concentration when Fabricating an Electrochemical Biosensor for DNA Detection

Influence of Graphene Oxide Concentration when Fabricating an Electrochemical Biosensor for DNA Detection

Electrochemical Oxidation of Amines Using a Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst and the Electroanalysis of Lidocaine

Challenges and Opportunities of Laboratory diagnosis of Dengue virus infection: a review

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