Recent Developments in Electrochemical-Impedimetric Biosensors for Virus Detection

Abstract

Viruses, including influenza viruses, MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus), SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), HAV (Hepatitis A virus), HBV (Hepatitis B virus), HCV (Hepatitis C virus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), EBOV (Ebola virus), ZIKV (Zika virus), and most recently SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), are responsible for many diseases that result in hundreds of thousands of deaths yearly. The ongoing outbreak of the COVID-19 disease has raised a global concern and intensified research on the detection of viruses and virus-related diseases. Novel methods for the sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection of pathogens, such as the recent SARS-CoV-2, are critical for diagnosing and treating infectious diseases before they spread and affect human health worldwide. In this sense, electrochemical impedimetric biosensors could be applied for virus detection on a large scale. This review focuses on the recent developments in electrochemical-impedimetric biosensors for the detection of viruses.

Nanoparticles in Electrochemical Immunosensors – A Concept and Perspective

“…By evaluating the variation in chargetransfer resistance (R ct ) or double layer capacity (C dl ) at the working electrode surface, the affinity of binding between the Ab and the Ag is easily detectable. [226] Moreover, this technique provides for two different types of measurement set-up: faradaic and non-faradaic EIS. The first requires a redox probe in solution and is largely employed in label-free electrochemical immunosensors development.…”

“…During the last decade, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has received wide attention as a detection technique in immunosensors, with the possibility of fingerprinting the electrode interfacial regions before and after biological interaction phenomena. By evaluating the variation in charge‐transfer resistance (R ct ) or double layer capacity (C dl ) at the working electrode surface, the affinity of binding between the Ab and the Ag is easily detectable [226] . Moreover, this technique provides for two different types of measurement set‐up: faradaic and non‐faradaic EIS.…”

An overview of electrochemical biosensors used for COVID-19 detection

“…The impedance can be obtained in the presence or absence of a redox couple, which indicates whether the impedance is faradaic or non-faradaic, respectively. 60,61…”

Advances in miniaturized nanosensing platforms for analysis of pathogenic bacteria and viruses

“…Different analytical technologies have been exploited to develop these analytical and bioanalytical devices such as chromatography, [6][7][8] spectroscopy, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] electrophoresis, [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] immunoassay, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and electrochemistry. [36][37][38][39][40][41] However, accurate and selective determination of such microorganisms is usually performed by coupling different analytical methodologies to achieve the optimum analysis. For instance, several POC diagnostic biosensors are based on using electrochemical systems for sensing the pathogens using immunoassay techniques for accurate and specific analysis.…”