Recent developments in DNA adduct analysis by mass spectrometry: A tool for exposure biomonitoring and identification of hazard for environmental pollutants

Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and differential mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry for detection and quantitation of biomarkers in complex biological matrices

“…Additional information on collection/treatment of these samples has been previously described [8,38]. Briefly, six male rhesus monkeys were involved for this batch of samples, three were treated with 10 Gy using a 60 Co gamma source; the other three were treated as controls and received the same handling, but no irradiation. Urine samples were collected from all groups on day 7 after irradiation and stored at -70℃.…”

“…Exposed subjects received 2-10 Gy exposures from a 60 Co gamma source; the control group received the same handling, but no irradiation. Urine samples were collected through direct bladder aspiration for the irradiated group and from pans for control group, all acquired on day 7 after irradiation and stored at -80 °C.…”

“…The method development phase is time consuming (potentially lasting several months) although it may offer high sample throughput when the method development is completed. In addition, the method sensitivity is limited by the specificity and affinity of the antibodies [60].…”

“…Studies that have been conducted include several in rodent models to identify metabolic differences associated with external exposure [13,21,[54][55][56][57][58][59], effects of dose rate [54], specificity [29], internal exposures [60][61][62][63], and dose quality [29]. Metabolic signatures have also been developed for nonhuman primates (NHPs) exposed to external total body irradiation (TBI) [8,38,[64][65][66] and human populations who have received total body irradiation (TBI) as a medical treatment [5].…”

“…The study differs from earlier work in that it focuses on the relatively long term 7-day response with urine sample collection at 7 d only, while earlier studies addressed response up to 72 h post-exposure. The whole-body doses administered from a 60 Co gamma source at 0.5 Gy/min (0 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy, 6 Gy, 7 Gy, and 10 Gy) cover a range that is appropriate for the species [85][86][87][88], and 60 Co radiation approximates the spectrum of weapons detonation [87]. The LD50/60 level (50% mortality at 60 d) is at approximately 7 Gy, and the change from 10% to 90% mortality occurs over a range of about 2 Gy.…”