Recent Developments in Chemical Doping of Graphene using Experimental Approaches and Its Applications

Abstract

Graphene has been widely investigated and applied in almost all areas of science and technology. Modulation of graphene properties is needed for its potential utilization in various applications. Chemical doping is one of the most attractive and efficient strategies to alter graphene properties. To date, substantial progress in this area has been reported, which needs to be thoroughly reviewed for its effective implementation in the development of commercial products in the days to come. This article presents a systematic, critical, and more informative review of the recent advancement in the chemical doping of graphene and its applications. Starting with a brief history along with the properties and synthesis of graphene, different experimental approaches to chemical doping and their outcomes reported so far are systematically documented. Further, extensive studies based on potential applications of doped graphene in various fields including light‐emitting diodes, photodetectors, solar cells, energy storage devices, sensors, and medical diagnoses are discussed and presented. Finally, the study is concluded with discussions on future prospective research work in this area.

The Roadmap of Graphene-Based Sensors: Electrochemical Methods for Bioanalytical Applications

“…Numerous doping approaches, including molecule absorption, atom substitution, and self-assembled monolayer deposition, have been shown to be efficient for this purpose. Covalent functionalization of metal NPs, higher electrons/hole concentrations in GR are caused by doping impurities with electron-withdrawing/donating characteristics [ 63 ]. The primary technique for developing an adequate band gap in GR is to reduce lattice symmetry.…”

Tuning the Fermi Level of Graphene by Two-Dimensional Metals for Raman Detection of Molecules

“…Therefore, tuning the Fermi level of graphene can effectively modulate the degree of charge transfer and provide a better understanding of the transfer pathways related to the enhancement. Various strategies have been applied to tune the Fermi level of graphene, such as applied electric field, electrochemical doping, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and chemical doping . Although doping by an external electric field is highly controllable, this involves a tedious fabrication process and might introduce undesired contamination. , Similarly, electrochemical doping is efficient in modulating the Fermi level but requires the introduction of guest molecules with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups, which can interfere with the Raman signals of probe molecules .…”

Bipolar Photoresponse of a Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Induced by Photochemical Reactions

“…15−17 The graphene, however, manipulating graphene characteristics requires the use of advanced techniques, thereby, graphene doping is a widely used method for fine-tuning of graphene work function and enhancing its electronic and hot electron photoelectric properties. 18−20 The tuning of the Fermi level of graphene through electrostatic doping, 21 metallic nanoparticles decoration, 22 and electrochemical doping 23 approach to control its structural, optical, pattern recognition, and electrical transport properties. 24−26 Moreover, chemical doping is considered the simplest and effective method for enhancing the electronic characteristics of 2D materials.…”

“…For these reasons, graphene has been widely applied in photodetectors, solar cells, healthcare biosensors, chemical sensors, and flexible electronics . Recently, graphene and its derivatives have been vigorously attracted as electrode materials for energy storage devices. − The graphene, however, manipulating graphene characteristics requires the use of advanced techniques, thereby, graphene doping is a widely used method for fine-tuning of graphene work function and enhancing its electronic and hot electron photoelectric properties. − The tuning of the Fermi level of graphene through electrostatic doping, metallic nanoparticles decoration, and electrochemical doping is a widely used approach to control its structural, optical, pattern recognition, and electrical transport properties. − Moreover, chemical doping is considered the simplest and effective method for enhancing the electronic characteristics of 2D materials. − Although pure graphene exhibits an ambipolar field effect, it is not air-stable and is susceptible to unintended doping by compounds absorbed from the environment or residual compounds employed during device fabrication . Most graphene-based transistors with an ambipolar field effect are tested in a vacuum, argon, or nitrogen atmosphere where water or other contaminants have meager impact on the electrical properties of graphene.…”