Recent Developments and Advances in Atopic Dermatitis: A Focus on Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment in the Pediatric Setting

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects a substantial number of children and has a significant negative impact on affected patients and their caregivers/families. Recent studies have led to significant evolutions in the understanding of AD pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment. The first point of contact for many patients with new-onset AD is usually with their primary care provider or pediatrician. This underscores the importance for pediatricians to understand the basic pathophysiology and current standards of care for AD. This article provides up-to-date information and reviews the basic principles of AD pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. In addition, the article highlights recent advances in scientific research regarding the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis that have resulted in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of targeted biologic therapies with the potential to revolutionize AD therapy.

A randomised, double‐blinded comparison between subcutaneous rush and intralympathic allergen immunotherapy induction in atopic dogs

“…Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common skin disease in small animal practice 1,2 . Although its pathogenesis is a topic of active research, the exact pathogenesis is not yet completely elucidated 3–5 . Canine atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by clinical history, physical examination and the exclusion of all differential diagnoses for each particular patient 6 .…”

“…1,2 Although its pathogenesis is a topic of active research, the exact pathogenesis is not yet completely elucidated. [3][4][5] Canine atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by clinical history, physical examination and the exclusion of all differential diagnoses for each particular patient. 6 A number of effective therapies are available for management of cAD.…”

Perinatal/maternal-fetal-infant dermatologic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2. An Overview and Implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

“…Flaring of atopic dermatitis can present as vesicular lesions in pregnancy and infancy with secondary staphylococcal or HSV infection requiring immediate therapeutic intervention. Elevated IL-4 levels in pregnancy may be a factor in the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (49). Common transient conditions in neonates may present with vesicular lesions (ETN, acropustulosis of infancy) or rare conditions such as Hyper IgE syndrome, or histiocytosis (50,51).…”

SNG100, a novel topical treatment for moderate atopic dermatitis, in patients aged 6 years or older: A randomised, double‐blind, active‐controlled trial

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Although considered an immunedriven disease, AD has a complex pathophysiology, which also involves epidermal defects and impaired bacterial colonisation and diversity. 7,8 Accordingly, treatment regimens include skin moisturisers, topical immunomodulators (corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors), phototherapy, systemic immunosuppressive treatments and biologics for moderate-to-severe cases. 9,10 However, there is still an unmet need for safe and effective therapies to improve disease control and long-term outcomes.…”

“…Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 10% of adults and 20% of children with considerable impact on patients and caregivers quality of life 1–6 . Although considered an immune‐driven disease, AD has a complex pathophysiology, which also involves epidermal defects and impaired bacterial colonisation and diversity 7,8 . Accordingly, treatment regimens include skin moisturisers, topical immunomodulators (corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors), phototherapy, systemic immunosuppressive treatments and biologics for moderate‐to‐severe cases 9,10 .…”