Recent Development of Ruminant Vaccine Against Viral Diseases

Abstract

Pathogens of viral origin produce a large variety of infectious diseases in livestock. It is essential to establish the best practices in animal care and an efficient way to stop and prevent infectious diseases that impact animal husbandry. So far, the greatest way to combat the disease is to adopt a vaccine policy. In the fight against infectious diseases, vaccines are very popular. Vaccination's fundamental concept is to utilize particular antigens, either endogenous or exogenous to induce immunity against the antigens or cells. In light of how past emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pandemics were handled, examining the vaccination methods and technological platforms utilized for the animals may provide some useful insights. New vaccine manufacturing methods have evolved because of developments in technology and medicine and our broad knowledge of immunology, molecular biology, microbiology, and biochemistry, among other basic science disciplines. Genetic engineering, proteomics, and other advanced technologies have aided in implementing novel vaccine theories, resulting in the discovery of new ruminant vaccines and the improvement of existing ones. Subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, and vectored vaccines are increasingly gaining scientific and public attention as the next generation of vaccines and are being seen as viable replacements to conventional vaccines. The current review looks at the effects and implications of recent ruminant vaccine advances in terms of evolving microbiology, immunology, and molecular biology.

Can the Revolution in mRNA-Based Vaccine Technologies Solve the Intractable Health Issues of Current Ruminant Production Systems?

“…A subunit vaccine consists of one or more components of the pathogen of interest that is known to confer protection from disease when recognized by the host immune system. For diseases associated with viruses, the viral proteins that harbor the neutralizing epitopes have been widely studied in the development of this class of vaccine [ 14 ]. While the subunit can be purified from a pathogen, it is likely that the use of recombinant DNA technology will be a more cost-effective production system.…”

“…Other vaccine technologies have been developed to address some of the deficiencies, such as recombinant vectored and DNA vaccines [ 14 ]. Few of these have progressed to commercialization and industry adoption for a variety of issues, including the poor efficacy and the high cost of production.…”

Universal Tick Vaccines: Candidates and Remaining Challenges

“…However, progress in anti-vector vaccine development has been slow and patchy, and currently, only a handful of vaccines targeting ectoparasites have been developed and tested successfully [ 4 , 5 ]. Moreover, the commercialization of promising vaccine candidates for livestock disease is still a complicated process despite lower regulatory thresholds compared to human vaccines [ 6 , 7 ]. Regarding vector-borne diseases endemic in low-income countries, it is difficult to recoup investments in vaccine development in the absence of government support [ 8 ].…”