Recent Development of Nickel-Rich and Cobalt-Free Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The exponential growth in the production of electric vehicles requires an increasing supply of low-cost, high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The increased production of lithium-ion batteries raises concerns over the availability of raw materials, especially cobalt for batteries with nickel-rich cathodes, in which these constraints can impact the high price of cobalt. The reliance on cobalt in these cathodes is worrisome because it is a high-cost, rare material, with an unstable supply chain. This review describes the need and feasibility of developing cobalt-free high-nickel cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The new type of cathode material, LiNi1−x−yMnxAlyO2 promises a completely cobalt-free composition with almost the same electrochemical performance as that of the conventional high-nickel cathode. Therefore, this new type of cathode needs further research for its commercial applications.

Low-cobalt active cathode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries: synthesis and performance enhancement methods

“…, are followed to obtain the materials. 14–17 The reaction conditions and selection of suitable reagents play a crucial role in achieving materials with a controlled particle size and regular morphology, which further determines the tap density as well as the charge storage performance of the active material. 18,19 In the case of the co-precipitation method the active material is generally obtained by a two step process, i.e.…”

“…13 Various synthetic methods, including co-precipitation, solvothermal, spray dry, solid-state, etc., are followed to obtain the materials. [14][15][16][17] The reaction conditions and selection of suitable reagents play a crucial role in achieving materials with a controlled particle size and regular morphology, which further determines the tap density as well as the charge storage performance of the active material. 18,19 In the case of the coprecipitation method the active material is generally obtained by a two step process, i.e., precursor synthesis followed by lithiation, where the lithiation temperature plays a pivotal role in determining the tap density and electrochemical performance of the material.…”

Extended cycling performance of micron-sized bismuth anodes for lithium-ion batteries: self-healing of an alloy-type anode for lithium batteries

“…However, electric vehicles require batteries with enhanced energy densities and rate performances. While signicant advancements have been made in cathode materials for LIBs, [1][2][3][4] graphite is still typically used as the anode material, despite its limited capacity of 372 mA h g −1 (756 mA h cm −3 ). [5][6][7] To meet the demands of next-generation battery systems, alloytype anodes with group IV-A or V-A elements, including Si, Sn, and Bi, have emerged as potential candidates.…”

Air/Water Stability Problems and Solutions for Lithium Batteries

“…In addition to SEs, cathode and anode materials also greatly affect/control the performance of LIBs [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Up till the present moment, nickel-rich (Ni-rich) layered cathode materials, specifically LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 (NCM) and LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 (NCA), have gradually emerged as have become one of the most practical and promising cathode materials for LIBs due to their high energy density, large discharge capacity, and low cost [25][26][27].…”