Recent Development of Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensor for Detecting Hematological Malignancies-Associated Biomarkers: A Mini-Review

Abstract

Hematologic malignancies are a group of malignant diseases of the hematologic system that seriously endanger human health, mainly involving bone marrow, blood and lymphatic tissues. However, among the available treatments for malignant hematologic diseases, low detection rates and high recurrence rates are major problems in the treatment process. The quantitative detection of hematologic malignancies-related biomarkers is the key to refine the pathological typing of the disease to implement targeted therapy and thus improve the prognosis. In recent years, bioelectrochemical methods for tumor cell and blood detection have attracted the attention of an increasing number of scientists. The development of biosensor technology, nanotechnology, probe technology, and lab-on-a-chip technology has greatly facilitated the development of bioelectrochemical studies of cells, especially for blood and cell-based assays and drug resistance differentiation. To improve the sensitivity of detection, graphene is often used in the design of electrochemical sensors. This mini-review provides an overview of the types of hematological malignancies-associated biomarkers and their detection based on graphene assisted electrochemical sensors.

Highly Sensitive Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen via an Electrochemical Platform Fabricated by AuNPs/Streptavidin/Reduced Graphene Oxide

“…Tumor markers are molecules that are characterized in malignant tumor cells with main components including proteins and sugars, which are released by their own synthesis or generated by the body’s reaction. In recent years, great progress has been made in the study of tumor markers, and many tumor markers have been discovered and applied in the detection of malignant tumors ( Wang J et al, 2020 ; Karimi-Maleh et al, 2021b ; Wei et al, 2021 ). The abnormal increase of tumor markers can indicate the occurrence of tumor, and the sensitive detection of tumor markers is of great significance for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis monitoring of cancer.…”

Applications of electrochemical biosensors based on 2D materials and their hybrid composites in hematological malignancies diagnosis

“…Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (MM) are the 3 main types of HMs. 2 Among them, leukemia, the most common HM of all age groups, can be divided into 2 main types, acute and chronic leukemia. 88 According to the origin, acute leukemia can be further divided into 2 types, described as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).…”

“… 1 Hematological malignancy (HM) is a general term for a series of heterogeneous diseases in the hematologic system which poses a serious threat to human health. 2 According to the global cancer statistics in 2018, HMs accounted for 7.2% of total mortality and 6.5% of new cancers. 3 HMs are challenging to treat due to their unpredictable and rapid deterioration as well as high rates of recurrence.…”

“…Inspired by these, some relevant biomolecules associated with severe HMs have been investigated by many research teams based on electrochemical biosensors. 2 , 8 , 65 – 68 Hence, we present a brief review of the state-of-the-art electrochemical biosensors based on 2D materials (graphene, TMDs, MXenes, g-C 3 N 4 , MOFs, or BP, etc) and their hybrid composites in the detection of HMs related biomolecules ( Scheme 1 ). In addition, current limitations and the prospect of using 2D materials-based materials electrochemical biosensors in HMs diagnosis are discussed, which may bring new opportunities for the design and development of high-performance 2D materials-based electrochemical biosensors in the HMs diagnosis field.…”

Point-of-Care Based Electrochemical Immunoassay for Epstein-Barr Virus Detection

“…As a recognition molecule, antibody gives the site of antibody-antigen reaction. Therefore, immobilization of antibody is very important [ 18 – 21 ]. A targeted antibody layer can greatly increase the binding ability of antigen and improve the performance of the detection system.…”