Recent decline of methyl bromide in the troposphere

Yokouchi, Yoko; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Yazawa, Kenji; Inagaki, Toshiharu; Tamaru, Takashi

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00650-7

Cited by 46 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The best estimate of the annual global budget for 1996 had an imbalance of nearly 37 Gg between sources and sinks (Table 1). This imbalance is clearly a result of our incomplete knowledge, rather than a real difference between sources and sinks, because the atmosphere was not rapidly changing at that time (Yokouchi et al, 2002;Montzka et al, 2003). The imbalance may reflect uncertainty in both natural and anthropogenic components of the budget.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent trends in atmospheric methyl bromide: analysis of post-Montreal Protocol variability

2009

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Abstract. The atmospheric methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) burden has declined in recent years, in response to the phaseout of agricultural and structural fumigation consumption under the amendments to the Montreal Protocol. The timing and magnitude of this decrease represents an opportunity to examine our current understanding of atmospheric CH 3 Br and its budget, response to the phaseout, and response to interannual variability in biomass burning and global OH. In this study, simulations obtained from a time-dependent global model of atmospheric CH 3 Br emissions and uptake are compared to observations from the NOAA flask network. The model includes a detailed gridded ocean model coupled to a time-dependant atmospheric 2-box model. The phaseout of CH 3 Br production for agricultural uses began in 1998, concurrent with the pulse in biomass burning associated with the 1998 El Niño. The combined effects of three factors (biomass burning, global OH, and anthropogenic phaseout) appear to explain most of the observed atmospheric methyl bromide variability over the 1997-2008 period. The global budget remains imbalanced, with a large missing source indicated. The missing source does not exhibit a systematic decline during the phaseout period, and therefore, is not the result of significantly underestimating non-QPS agricultural CH 3 Br emissions. The model results suggest that the oceans should be less undersaturated than before the phaseout began.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yokouchi et al (2002) and Montzka et al (2003) detected the atmospheric decline using measurements from flask air networks. Those authors, as well as , noted that the initial decline during 1998-2002 was roughly twice…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent trends in atmospheric methyl bromide: analysis of post-Montreal Protocol variability

2009

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“…CH 3 Br anthropogenic emissions are due to its use as a soil fumigant and to emissions from leaded gasoline; these uses are regulated under the Montreal Protocol which called for a 100% reduction of its sales and consumption in 2005 in developed countries. However, natural sources, like biomass burning (Andreae et al, 1996), oceans (Moore et al, 1996a), coastal and freshwater wetlands and peatlands (Cox et al, 2004), rice paddies (Redeker et al, 2000), and terrestrial plants, especially in the tropics (Yokouchi et al, 2002a;Rhew et al, 2001Rhew et al, , 2010, are dominating the CH 3 Br budget. As shown by levels measured in firn air (Butler et al, 1999;Trudinger et al, 2004) showing an increase of only 5-10% of its atmospheric mixing ratio in the last century, also the CH 3 Cl budget is dominated by natural sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-year observations of halocarbons at the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.) on the Himalayan range

et al. 2011

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Abstract.A monitoring programme for halogenated climate-altering gases has been established in the frame of the SHARE EV-K 2 -CNR project at the Nepal Climate Laboratory -Pyramid in the Himalayan range at the altitude of 5079 m a.s.l. The site is very well located to provide important insights on changes in atmospheric composition in a region that is of great significance for emissions of both anthropogenic and biogenic halogenated compounds. Measurements are performed since March 2006, with grab samples collected on a weekly basis. The first three years of data have been analysed. After the identification of the atmospheric background values for fourteen halocarbons, the frequency of occurrence of pollution events have been compared with the same kind of analysis for data collected at other global background stations. The analysis showed the fully halogenated species, whose production and consumption are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, show a significant occurrence of "above the baseline" values, as a consequence of their current use in the developing countries surrounding the region, meanwhile the hydrogenated gases, more recently introduced into the market, show less frequent spikes.Atmospheric concentration trends have been calculated as well, and they showed a fast increase, ranging from 5.7 to 12.6%, of all the hydrogenated species, and a clear decrease of methyl chloroform (−17.7%). The comparison with time series from other stations has also allowed to derive Meridional gradients, which are absent for long living well mixed species, while for the more reactive species, the gradient inCorrespondence to: M. Maione (michela.maione@uniurb.it) creases inversely with respect to their atmospheric lifetime. The effect of long range transport and of local events on the atmospheric composition at the station has been analysed as well, allowing the identification of relevant source regions the Northern half of the Indian sub-continent. Also, at finer spatial scales, a smaller, local contribution of forest fires from the Khumbu valley has been detected.

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“…It was the most widely used fumigant for soil disinfestations due to its broad spectrum activity and high penetration ability [1][2][3][4]. Its high ozone depletion potential led to an international agreement under the Montreal protocol to restrict sales and consumption of methyl bromide uses within developed countries, reaching 100% reduction in 2005 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clever strategy for permeability studies of methyl bromide and some organic compounds through high-barrier plastic films

Nerı́n¹,

Canellas²,

Romero³

et al. 2007

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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An analytical strategy has been proposed and optimized to study the permeability of several flexible plastic materials, some of them with high-barrier properties, versus naphthalene, methyl bromide, toluene, ethylbenzene, and ortho-and para-xylenes. The strategy involves using a system of concentric plastic bags made from the materials to be tested polyethylene (PE) and used as permeable plastics to facilitate the homogeneous distribution of a solid compound, such as naphthalene, in vapour phase. After the permeation test, the vapour phase containing the pollutants that cross the plastic barrier is trapped in a 12% ethanol-water solution and further analysed by SPME in headspace mode. Several experimental conditions as well as different samples were tested. The results obtained are shown and discussed.

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Recent decline of methyl bromide in the troposphere

Cited by 46 publications

References 28 publications

Recent trends in atmospheric methyl bromide: analysis of post-Montreal Protocol variability

Recent trends in atmospheric methyl bromide: analysis of post-Montreal Protocol variability

Three-year observations of halocarbons at the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.) on the Himalayan range

A clever strategy for permeability studies of methyl bromide and some organic compounds through high-barrier plastic films

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