Recent Criterion on Stability Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have captured the attention of the global energy research community in recent years by showing an exponential augmentation in their performance and stability. The supremacy of the light-harvesting efficiency and wider band gap of perovskite sensitizers have led to these devices being compared with the most outstanding rival silicon-based solar cells. Nevertheless, there are some issues such as their poor lifetime stability, considerable J–V hysteresis, and the toxicity of the conventional constituent materials which restrict their prevalence in the marketplace. The poor stability of PSCs with regard to humidity, UV radiation, oxygen and heat especially limits their industrial application. This review focuses on the in-depth studies of different direct and indirect parameters of PSC device instability. The mechanism for device degradation for several parameters and the complementary materials showing promising results are systematically analyzed. The main objective of this work is to review the effectual strategies of enhancing the stability of PSCs. Several important factors such as material engineering, novel device structure design, hole-transporting materials (HTMs), electron-transporting materials (ETMs), electrode materials preparation, and encapsulation methods that need to be taken care of in order to improve the stability of PSCs are discussed extensively. Conclusively, this review discusses some opportunities for the commercialization of PSCs with high efficiency and stability.

p-Type Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns and Nanotubes in Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Comparing both types of functionalization (TPA and Cz), adding TPA-CNMs increases the hydrophobicity of the spiro-OMeTAD layer, likely due to TPA having a less planar structure compared to Cz, which makes it less susceptible to interacting with water . Furthermore, the enhancement in holes transport achieved through the doping of HTLs with TPA-functionalized CNMs, as discussed earlier, circumvents charge leakage across the MAPI/spiro-OMeTAD interface, which is also a factor contributing to the instability of PSCs …”

Advances on the Application of Wide Band‐Gap Insulating Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[20b,65] Figure 3a shows the factors affecting the stability of PSCs. [66] Humidity has been proven to be an important factor during the degradation of PSCs, which is the earliest research object of PSCs stability. [71] Niu et al systematically studied the mechanism of perovskite degradation induced by water, oxygen, and ultraviolet irradiation.…”

“…[74] Tolerance factor 𝜏 is a parameter to measure the structural or phase stability of perovskite, which is between 0.8 and 1 for stable perovskite crystal structure. [75] Perovskite (MAPbI 3 ) will degrade and generate PbI 2 and volatile [66] Copyright 2022, MDPI. b) Proposed mechanism for UV-induced degradation.…”

“…[ 105 ] At the same time, the MgO barrier layer can also reduce the UV photocatalytic degradation, whose driving force come from the oxygen vacancies of TiO 2 to obtain electrons from the I − . [ 66 ] While the MgO interface layer avoids direct contact between perovskite and TiO 2 , thereby reducing such extraction of electrons. [ 105 ]…”

“…Water, heat, oxygen, electric stress, light, and the layers of the device structure can affect the device stability. [ 20b,65 ] Figure a shows the factors affecting the stability of PSCs. [ 66 ]…”