Recent Contributions to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Cerebellum

Snider, Ray S.

doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1950.02310260034002

Cited by 227 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The early discovery of tactile inputs to the rostral and caudal vermis and the PML indicated that cerebellar functions tran scend the proprioceptive role commonly attributed to this structure [A d r ia n , 1943;Dow and A n d erso n , 1942;H ampson et al, 1950;Sn i der andStow ell, 1942, 1944]. The discovery of auditory and visual in puts broadened this view of the sensory role of the cerebellum [F adiga and P u pil l i, 1964;H ampson et al, 1950;Snider and E ld red , 1952], Our findings of rather extensive tactile inputs to crus I, crus II and PML of the hemispheres were not expected but support Snider' s [1950] view that cutaneous modalities play an important role in cerebellar functions. Further investigation of the significance of tactile inputs to cerebellum is urgently needed.…”

Section: Functional Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Fractured Somatotopy in Granule Cell Tactile Areas of Rat Cerebellar Hemispheres Revealed by Micromapping; pp. 116–140

Shambes¹,

Gibson²,

Welker³

1978

Brain Behav Evol

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We defined spatial patterns of tactile projections to cerebellar cortex of anesthetized albino rats using microelectrode micromapping methods. Low threshold natural stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors of specific body structures evokes brisk, short latency, localized responses within the granule cell layer. These projections terminate within columnar assemblies of granule cells within the folia of crus I, crus II and paramedian lobule of the cerebellar hemispheres. These columnar inputs appear as individuated patches and the overall array of patches make up mosaics. The somatotopic organization of single patches is precise but that among the patches within the mosaic is fractured. Electrode puncture densities of as high as 65/mm were required to delineate the miniature projectional features within the patches and mosaics. The cutaneous sources contributing to the bulk of the granule cell inputs were smallest from perioral structures which are those prominently utilized in discriminative action sequences of rats. This suggests an important perceptual function of these circuits. Ipsilateral projections were predominant but bilateral and contralateral projections were also found. These data reinforce Snider'searly contention that tactile afferents (rather than just proprioceptive inputs) play an important role in cerebellar functions. All these findings necessitate reexamination of several current views of cerebellar functions.

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Section: Functional Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Fractured Somatotopy in Granule Cell Tactile Areas of Rat Cerebellar Hemispheres Revealed by Micromapping; pp. 116–140

Shambes¹,

Gibson²,

Welker³

1978

Brain Behav Evol

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“…Cerebellar peaks were localized using an on-line, MRI-based stereotaxic atlas (Schmahmann et al, 1996). An additional increase common to both modalities was observed in the ipsilateral anterior lobe of the cerebellum in paravermal lobules V/VI, a region identi ed through anatomy and physiology as the anterior somatomotor hand region of the cerebellum (Snider, 1950;Woolsley, 1952). This region has also been found to be active in other PET studies using tasks involving movements of the hand or ngers (Grafton, Woods, & Mazziotta, 1993;Sadato et al, 1996).…”

Section: Iso -Basementioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Timing: A PET Study of Auditory and Visual Rhythm Reproduction

Penhune

Zatorre

Evans

1998

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

333

214

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The perception and production of temporal patterns, or rhythms, is important for both music and speech. However, the way in which the human brain achieves accurate timing of perceptual input and motor output is as yet little understood. Central control of both motor timing and perceptual timing across modalities has been linked to both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia (BG). The present study was designed to test the hypothesized central control of temporal processing and to examine the roles of the cerebellum, BG, and sensory association areas. In this positron emission tomography (PET) activation paradigm, subjects reproduced rhythms of increasing temporal complexity that were presented separately in the auditory and visual modalities. The results provide support for a supramodal contribution of the lateral cerebellar cortex and cerebellar vermis to the production of a timed motor response, particularly when it is complex and/or novel. The results also give partial support to the involvement of BG structures in motor timing, although this may be more directly related to implementation of the motor response than to timing per se. Finally, sensory association areas and the ventrolateral frontal cortex were found to be involved in modality-speci c encoding and retrieval of the temporal stimuli. Taken together, these results point to the participation of a number of neural structures in the production of a timed motor response from an external stimulus. The role of the cerebellum in timing is conceptualized not as a clock or counter but simply as the structure that provides the necessary circuitry for the sensory system to extract temporal information and for the motor system to learn to produce a precisely timed response.

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“…This tremendous number of neurons, coupled with the high input-to-output axon ratio (cerebellar afferents to efferents are 40:1; Carpenter 1991) suggests that its function must be massively integrative. It is also one of the most widely connected structures, having physiological connections with all major divisions of the CNS (Moruzzi and Magoun 1949;Snider 1950Snider , 1967Bava et al 1966;Sasaki et al 1972Sasaki et al , 1979Kitano et al 1976;Watson 1978;Itoh and Mizuno 1979;Newman and Reza 1979;Saint-Cyr and Woodward 1980a,b;Vilensky and Van Hoesen 1981;Crispino and Bullock 1984;Ito 1984;Haines and Dietrichs 1987;King 1987;Nieuwenhuys et al 1988;Schmahmann and Pandya 1989;Ghez 1991;Ikai et al 1992;Llimis and Sotelo 1992;Thielert and Thier 1993;Glickstein et al 1994;Lynch et al 1994;Middleton andStrick 1994, Schmahmann 1996). Moreover, experimental data and, in particular, the results of recent fMR imaging and PET studies, indicate that the cerebellum might be involved in a wide range of functions, including attention, associative learning, practice-related learning, procedural learning, declarative memory, working memory, semantic association, conditioned anxiety, mental exploration, and complex reasoning and problem solving as well as sensory, motor and motor skill acquisition (see Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%