Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall phytoplankton blooms

Ardyna, Mathieu; Babin, Marcel; Gosselin, Michel; Devred, Émmanuel; Rainville, Luc; Tremblay, Jean‐Éric

doi:10.1002/2014gl061047

Cited by 314 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Furthermore, assemblages from Davis Strait (69°N) exhibited pronounced high-light stress in a similar experiment set-up (Hoppe Clara et al 2017). Large changes in irradiance, however, also occur during upwelling events, which play an important role in triggering autumn blooms in ice-free Arctic areas (Ardyna et al 2014). As discussed below, Arctic phytoplankton assemblages can therefore be expected to possess mechanisms that allow them to thrive under sudden high-light conditions (Platt et al 1982;Gosselin et al 1990;Campbell et al 2015;Schuback et al 2017).…”

Section: Light-dependent Responses Were Subtle and Disappeared Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this region, future trends in primary production are critically dependent on the relative importance of different environmental drivers: beneficial effects of increased irradiances and potentially detrimental effects of decreased nutrient input, provided that the effects of enhanced stratification dominate over those of increased wind-driven mixing (Arrigo and van Dijken 2011;Vancoppenolle et al 2013;Ardyna et al 2014;Tremblay et al 2015). Observational data are indispensable to estimate the potential effects of climate change on Arctic phytoplankton assemblages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To do so, we conducted an incubation experiment with a phytoplankton assemblage from the Baffin Bay region. We simulated an upwelling event that would bring phytoplankton and nutrients from the deep Chl a maximum (DCM) to the surface, a phenomenon recently acknowledged to increase annual primary production in the Arctic due to the development of fall blooms (Ardyna et al 2014). The phytoplankton assemblage was exposed to two pCO 2 and two light levels in all possible combinations in on-deck incubations, and the effects on eco-physiology were monitored in order to investigate both isolated and interactive effects of OA and enhanced light.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

et al. 2017

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The Arctic Ocean is a region particularly prone to ongoing ocean acidification (OA) and climate-driven changes. The influence of these changes on Arctic phytoplankton assemblages, however, remains poorly understood. In order to understand how OA and enhanced irradiances (e.g., resulting from sea-ice retreat) will alter the species composition, primary production, and ecophysiology of Arctic phytoplankton, we conducted an incubation experiment with an assemblage from Baffin Bay (71°N, 68°W) under different carbonate chemistry and irradiance regimes. Seawater was collected from just below the deep Chl a maximum, and the resident phytoplankton were exposed to 380 and 1000 latm pCO 2 at both 15 and 35% incident irradiance. On-deck incubations, in which temperatures were 6°C above in situ conditions, were monitored for phytoplankton growth, biomass stoichiometry, net primary production, photo-physiology, and taxonomic composition. During the 8-day experiment, taxonomic diversity decreased and the diatom Chaetoceros socialis became increasingly dominant irrespective of light or CO 2 levels. We found no statistically significant effects from either higher CO 2 or light on physiological properties of phytoplankton during the experiment. We did, however, observe an initial 2-day stress response in all treatments, and slight photo-physiological responses to higher CO 2 and light during the first five days of the incubation. Our results thus indicate high resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to OA and enhanced irradiance levels, challenging the commonly predicted stimulatory effects of enhanced CO 2 and light availability for primary production.

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Section: Light-dependent Responses Were Subtle and Disappeared Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

et al. 2017

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“…Increased primary production requires input of additional nutrients into the photic zone through regeneration, vertical mixing, or advection. While the mechanisms are not clear, the increased frequency of surface fall blooms around the Arctic shelf and slope regions (Ardyna et al, 2014) suggests that additional nutrients are available for plankton to benefit from a longer growing season. In the Arctic, as ice retreats beyond the shelf break, it allows wind-induced upwelling to transport deep, warmer and nutrient-rich Pacific or Atlantic waters from the basins onto the shelves (Carmack and Chapman, 2003).…”

Section: Effects Of Advective Changes On Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

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Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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“…In temperate seas, enhanced surface mixing caused by storms could trigger sudden development of phytoplankton blooms because of nutrient enrichment from below the nutricline (Lin 2012;Zhao et al 2015). Ardyna et al (2014) documented that the occurrence of fall bloom in the Arctic, rarely seen previously (a single spring bloom is the predominant blooming feature), has increased in panArctic seas because of the growth in the number of stormy days. Because of the short-chained food web in the Arctic, a small change in primary producers can have considerable effect on higher trophic level organisms (Grebmeier et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in phytoplankton community structure during wind-induced fall bloom on the central Chukchi shelf

et al. 2018

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The recent increasing of atmospheric turbulence has had considerable impact on the oceanic environment and ecosystems of the Arctic. To understand its effect on phytoplankton community structure, a Eulerian fixed-point observation (FPO) was conducted on the Chukchi shelf in fall 2013. Temporal and vertical distributions of the phytoplankton community were inferred from algal pigment signatures. A strong wind event (SWE) occurred during the observation term, and significant convection supplied nutrients from the bottom layer to the surface. Before the SWE, pigment composition in the warmer, less saline, and nutrient-poor surface waters was diverse with low concentration of chlorophyll-a (chla). Vertical mixing induced by the SWE weakened the stratification and brought sufficient nutrients to enhance diatom-derived pigment concentrations (e.g., fucoxanthin and chlc3), suggesting increases in diatoms. We also developed a model to predict the distribution of major phytoplankton pigment/chla ratios using a profiling multi-wavelength fluorometer (Multi-Exciter) with higher spatio-temporal resolution. The Multi-Exciter also captured changes in pigment composition with environmental changes at the FPO site and at four observation sites 16 km from the location of the FPO. Furthermore, we investigated the change in grazing rates of the major Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis copepodid stage five to assess the interaction between primary and secondary producers during the fall bloom. Increased diatom biomass caused a significant increase in the grazing rate on microphytoplankton (> 20 µm) and a decrease on nanophytoplankton (2-20 µm), indicative of a strong cascade effect because of the reduction of microzooplankton due to the grazing from C. glacialis. We conclude that SWEs during fall might affect food webs via the alternation of seasonal succession of phytoplankton community structure.

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Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall phytoplankton blooms

Cited by 314 publications

References 37 publications

Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Changes in phytoplankton community structure during wind-induced fall bloom on the central Chukchi shelf

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