Recent approaches to ameliorate selectivity and sensitivity of enzyme based cholesterol biosensors: a review

Abstract

The healthcare area is often reluctant to execute new technology unless they are proven to be safe, constructive and secure. Eventually, an aspiration stands for providing point-of-care testing service to allow a better estimation of the biochemical levels of a patient that entails an insistent remedial action. With increasing mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in present scenario, it has become the need of hour to develop more advance methods for their diagnosis, so that it can be determined at sensitive levels and can be prevented from being fatal. Elevated level of cholesterol in blood stream is one of the utmost risk factors which lead to CVDs. Discernible from the vast research in this field, worth of cholesterol biosensors is already recognized and flourished in the clinical analysis of brain and cardiac vascular diseases. It necessitates unremitting progress in the development of biosensing technology towards fabrication, miniaturization and multiplexing ability of cholesterol quantification devices so that they can endow with lab-on-chip-analysis systems to the medical field. Different strategies have been meticulously explored for the engineering of cholesterol biosensors utilizing nanocomposites, conducting polymers, nanotubes and nanoparticles. Foremost, this article reviews the contemporary evolution in cholesterol biosensors, which encompass various strategies for immobilization of enzymes and roles of various matrices and artificial mediators used for the biosensor fabrication. Still there remains an enormous challenge to congregate the demands of performance and yield in a cost effective manner for its application in successful treatments of CVDs.

Recent Developments in Printing Flexible and Wearable Sensing Electronics for Healthcare Applications

“…Therefore, highly sensitive biosensors for cholesterol monitoring based on different mechanisms were extensively explored. Details highlighting the recent approaches and developments for ameliorating the selectivity and sensitivity of enzymatic-based cholesterol sensors are provided elsewhere [77]. OECT (organic electrochemical transistor)-based sensors are developed for cholesterol monitoring [78].…”

Innovative Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Quantification of Cholesterol

“…Even though they perform satisfying for cholesterol detection, most of them are burdensome, time-consuming, require sample pre-treatment, a high-cost instrumental set-up, difficult standardization, and experienced personnel to operate. An electrochemical sensing approach overcomes these disadvantages and the worth of cholesterol (bio)sensors is already recognized and visible from the vast research in this field summarized in comprehensive reviews [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Most of the electrochemical assays for cholesterol are enzyme-based, where cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) is employed as the sensing elements and different electron mediators provide an appropriate potential gradient for electron transfer between the enzyme’s active site and electrode [ 13 , 15 ].…”

Simple and Cost-effective Enzymatic Detection of Cholesterol Using Flow Injection Analysis

“…Furthermore, various detection methods have been discussed and summarized in some recent reviews. [21][22][23] Among these, electrochemical detection methods are simple and offer a direct real-time application approach. Most of the conventional enzyme-based, electrochemical cholesterol biosensors were developed using cholesterol oxidase and/or other enzymes, which catalyze cholesterol to hydrogen peroxide and cholestenone in the presence of oxygen.…”