“…Separation materials that can isolate single solutes from multisolute solutions are essential for resource recovery and contaminant removal during water purification processes. , The model benchmark for synthetic membrane design is the biological K + channel, which can achieve a selectivity ratio of 1000 K + to 1 Na + . , Inspiration from the selectivity of natural ion channels has led to a focus on the development of several classes of materials, such as polymeric membranes, MOFs, 2D graphene and graphene oxides, and carbon nanotubes. − These materials offer a high degree of tunability via chemical functionalization, allowing for simultaneous control of pore geometry and surface chemistry to, in principle, achieve high ion selectivity and permeability necessary for membrane design. , …”