Recent advances on energy and environmental application of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts: A review

Zhu, Wenhe; Yue, Yanxue; Zhang, Bo; Hou, Ruilin; Xiao, Jin; Huang, Xinshui; Ishag, Alhadi

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.110164

Cited by 38 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 384 publications

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“…Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 , g-CN), a two-dimensional (2D) metal-free polymer material, is considered an excellent n-type semiconductor material due to its structural, optical, and physicochemical properties 1 , 2 . Due to its ease of preparation, low cost, and non-toxic properties, this substance has a wide range of applications in the fields of energy and environmental science 3 – 5 . For instance, it can be used for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants 6 , 7 , capturing and reducing carbon dioxide 8 – 11 , producing hydrogen 12 , 13 , and in solar cells 14 , 15 , fuel cells 16 , 17 , light-emitting devices 18 , 19 , sensors 20 , 21 , and many other fields 22 – 24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of photocatalysis with bulk and nanosheet graphitic carbon nitrides enhanced with silver

Michalska,

Pavlovsky,

Simha Martynkova

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The main goal of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, g-CN) in both bulk and nanosheet forms, which have been surface-modified with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), as photocatalysts for the degradation of acid orange 7 (AO7), a model dye. The photodegradation of AO7 dye molecules in water was used to test the potential photocatalytic properties of these powder materials under two different lamps with wavelengths of 368 nm (UV light) and 420 nm (VIS light). To produce Ag NPs (Ag content 0.5, 1.5, and 3 wt%) on the g-CN materials, a new synthesis route based on a wet and low-temperature method was proposed, eliminating the need for reducing agents. The photodegradation activity of the samples increased with increasing silver content, with the best photocatalytic performances achieved for bulk g-CN samples and nanosheet silver-modified samples (with the highest content of 3 wt% Ag) under UV light, i.e., more than 75% and 78%, respectively. The VIS-induced photocatalytic activity of both examined series was higher than that of UV. The highest activities of 92% and 98% were achieved for the 1.5% Ag-modified g-CN bulk and nanosheet materials. This research presents an innovative, affordable, and environmentally friendly chemical approach to synthesizing photocatalysts that can be used for degrading organic pollutants in wastewater treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of photocatalysis with bulk and nanosheet graphitic carbon nitrides enhanced with silver

Michalska,

Pavlovsky,

Simha Martynkova

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…However, it is provoking a severe energy crisis, additional pollution, and an acceleration of global warming. To tackle above-mentioned problems, we need to seek more environmentally friendly technologies that lower the energy requirements and production costs [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Remarkably High Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ultra-Thin Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

Kalantari Bolaghi,

Rodriguez-Seco,

Yurtsever

et al. 2024

Nanomaterials

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free photocatalyst used for visible-driven hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and organic pollutant degradation. In addition to the most attractive feature of visible photoactivity, its other benefits include thermal and photochemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and simple and easy-scale-up synthesis. However, its performance is still limited due to its low absorption at longer wavelengths in the visible range, and high charge recombination. In addition, the exfoliated nanosheets easily aggregate, causing the reduction in specific surface area, and thus its photoactivity. Herein, we propose the use of ultra-thin porous g-C3N4 nanosheets to overcome these limitations and improve its photocatalytic performance. Through the optimization of a novel multi-step synthetic protocol, based on an initial thermal treatment, the use of nitric acid (HNO3), and an ultrasonication step, we were able to obtain very thin and well-tuned material that yielded exceptional photodegradation performance of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation, without the need for any co-catalyst. About 96% of MO was degraded in as short as 30 min, achieving a normalized apparent reaction rate constant (k) of 1.1 × 10−2 min−1mg−1. This represents the highest k value ever reported using C3N4-based photocatalysts for MO degradation, based on our thorough literature search. Ultrasonication in acid not only prevents agglomeration of g-C3N4 nanosheets but also tunes pore size distribution and plays a key role in this achievement. We also studied their performance in a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), achieving a production of 1842 µmol h−1 g−1. Through a profound analysis of all the samples’ structure, morphology, and optical properties, we provide physical insight into the improved performance of our optimized porous g-C3N4 sample for both photocatalytic reactions. This research may serve as a guide for improving the photocatalytic activity of porous two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors under visible light irradiation.

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“…In recent decades, graphitic carbon nitride (gC 3 N 4 ), which is a semiconductor photocatalyst responsive to visible light, − has garnered significant interest in various fields such as chemical sensors, H 2 generation, and the photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants due to its exceptional characteristics, including cost-effectiveness, ease of synthesis, nontoxicity, and chemical and thermal stabilities. Nevertheless, the innate drawbacks of gC 3 N 4 , such as its limited surface area, low visible light absorption capabilities, and rapid recombination rate of photogenerated e – /h + pairs, have hindered its widespread utilization. , As a result, numerous researchers have shifted their focus toward developing various modification techniques to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C 3 N 4 . These effective modification approaches for the g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst encompass copolymerization, doping, surface heterojunction, acid treatment, and more .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic C(sp³)-H and C(sp²)-H Carboxylation of Amines with CO₂ Using a Sustainable Covalent Organic Framework/gC₃N₄ Composite

Chakrabortty,

Das,

Ghosh

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Carboxylation of amines is an important route to obtain amino acids. Herein, we have reported the synthesis and characterizations of a new COF/gC 3 N 4 composite which acted as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for the carboxylation of unprotected indoles and N-Bocbenzyl amines. We have used SnO 2 nanoparticles as the cocatalyst and CO 2 as the carbon source under visible light irradiation. This gave a range of carboxylated products both with unprotected indoles and N-Bocbenzylamines with high yield. Control experiments gave the optimum reaction conditions for this photocatalytic carboxylation. Light dependency of this reaction was confirmed by altering the intensity of light. Here, we have synthesized two different catalysts, TpBpy and Tz COF, and the gC 3 N 4 heterojunction which showed excellent photocatalytic activity. The photocatalysts, COF/gC 3 N 4 , are recyclable and reusable for several cycles without a significant loss in performance. The synthesis of a drug compound Clopidogrel and drug formation unit Tirof iban is demonstrated with these photocatalytic protocols.

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Recent advances on energy and environmental application of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts: A review

Cited by 38 publications

References 384 publications

Comparative study of photocatalysis with bulk and nanosheet graphitic carbon nitrides enhanced with silver

Comparative study of photocatalysis with bulk and nanosheet graphitic carbon nitrides enhanced with silver

Exploring the Remarkably High Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ultra-Thin Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

Photocatalytic C(sp³)-H and C(sp²)-H Carboxylation of Amines with CO₂ Using a Sustainable Covalent Organic Framework/gC₃N₄ Composite

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Recent advances on energy and environmental application of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts: A review

Cited by 38 publications

References 384 publications

Comparative study of photocatalysis with bulk and nanosheet graphitic carbon nitrides enhanced with silver

Comparative study of photocatalysis with bulk and nanosheet graphitic carbon nitrides enhanced with silver

Exploring the Remarkably High Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ultra-Thin Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

Photocatalytic C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H Carboxylation of Amines with CO2 Using a Sustainable Covalent Organic Framework/gC3N4 Composite

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Photocatalytic C(sp³)-H and C(sp²)-H Carboxylation of Amines with CO₂ Using a Sustainable Covalent Organic Framework/gC₃N₄ Composite