Recent advances on air heating system of cabin for pure electric vehicles: A review

Yang, Dazhang; Huo, Yilin; Zhang, Qing; Xie, Jing; Yang, Zhen

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11032

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…The dynamic development of electric vehicles is accompanied by new types of tasks that affect the improvement of microclimate technologies [ 8 ]. In order to increase comfort, the use of electric heating can affect various areas of the vehicle [ 9 ]. During the operation of electric vehicles, a significant part of the energy stored in the battery (up to 35% [ 10 ]) is consumed for heating, and, accordingly, the efficiency, reliability, and stability of heating systems are very important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Shchegolkov

Zemtsova

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The development of reliable and effective functional materials that can be used in various technological fields and environmental conditions is one of the goals of modern nanotechnology. Heating elements’ manufacturing requires understanding the laws of heat transfer under conditions of different supply voltages, as this expands the possibilities of such materials’ application. Elastomers based on silicon-organic compounds and polyurethane modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied at various concentrations of Ni/MgO or Co-Mo/MgO and voltages (220, 250, and 300 V). It was found that an increase in voltage from 220 to 300 V leads to an initial increase in specific power on one-third followed by a subsequent decrease in a specific power when switched on again to 220 V (for −40 °C) of up to ~44%. In turn, for a polyurethane matrix, an increase in voltage to 300 V leads to an initial peak power value of ~15% and a decrease in power when switched on again by 220 V (for −40 °C) to ~36% (Ni/MgO -MWCNT). The conducted studies have shown that the use of a polyurethane matrix reduces power degradation (associated with voltage surges above 220 V) by 2.59% for Ni/MgO–based MWCNT and by 10.42% for Co-Mo/MgO. This is due to the better heat resistance of polyurethane and the structural features of the polymer and the MWCNT. The current studies allow us to take the next step in the development of functional materials for electric heating and demonstrate the safety of using heaters at a higher voltage of up to 300 V, which does not lead to their ignition, but only causes changes in electrophysical parameters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Shchegolkov

Zemtsova

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…As a result, the HVAC energy consumption is very low (only the fan may consume power). However, the amount of heat generated by the electric motor is too low [19,20] to be used by the HVAC system. Consequently, this can increase the HVAC power consumption significantly [21] since more power is required by the heating coils for heat generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A/C is the widespread (convection) cooling solution for HVAC systems due to several advantages such as well-established technology, high cooling/heating capacity, etc. [19,20,37]. However, for EVs, this solution is not feasible due to its high energy consumption [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving Electric Vehicle Range and Thermal Comfort through an Innovative Seat Heating System

et al. 2023

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In the last decade, car manufactures invested a lot of effort to align their products to the latest energy directives which encourage the production and usage of electrified vehicles to reduce the greenhouse gases production. This resulted in several important developments, which enhanced the advantages of electric vehicles in terms of local emissions (zero tailpipe emissions), efficiency, convenience in urban areas and others and ultimately led to their ever-increasing adoption. However, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. One example is the negative influence of low (winter) and high (summer) atmospheric temperatures on electric vehicle range due to the cabin temperature heating and cooling. This requires more efficient ways of using energy to avoid sacrificing the passenger thermal comfort for an increased vehicle range. The present study proposes a new strategy for heating the seats in electrically powered vehicles using an uneven distribution of the heating elements. The uneven positioning of the heating elements is based on the thermal sensitivity of the human skin measured data and scientific literature. For this, a thermal sensitivity test device was developed to map the human skin thermal sensitivity. To test the new solution, a vehicle seat was equipped with heating pads (arranged according to the position of the relevant human skin thermal sensitivity points). For the next step, comparative measurements (power consumption, temperature distribution—with an IR camera—and human subjectivity test) were carried out between a classical vehicle seat heating system and the newly proposed heating solution. The outcome of the study revealed that the proposed heating system will supply at least the same thermal comfort sensation as the standard vehicle seat but using only half of the energy consumption, which translates in an increase of the electrically powered vehicle range between 1.2% and 1.5%, depending on the climate and driving conditions (over the WLTC). For example, a vehicle with a 16 kWh battery driving over the WLTC in Frankfurt climate conditions can gain in 1 year between 139.6 and 164.5 km.

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“…However, EVs lack the waste heat generated by internal combustion engines and need additional heating load from Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heaters, which significantly reduces driving range [2][3]. Therefore, researchers have proposed heat pump technology as an effective alternative to PTC heaters [4]. Generally, a fresh air heating mode is employed in winter to prevent windshield fogging, which introduces a significant heat load, accounting for over 70% of the total heat load [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of transcritical CO₂ desiccant heat pumps for electric vehicles

Wang,

Song,

Cao

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Transcritical CO2 heat pump systems are eco-friendly and have excellent heating performance, which makes them suitable for electric vehicles. The recirculation mode can save energy but requires a dehumidification function to ensure driving safety. Therefore, this paper proposes a transcritical CO2 desiccant heat pump, which differs from the typical transcritical CO2 heat pump system by incorporating an indoor evaporator and a full-pass throttle valve. The flow area of the full-pass throttle valve can be adjusted to obtain the appropriate dehumidification rate. In addition, this study suggested using the desiccant heat pump coefficient of performance (DHCOP) to evaluate the overall energy efficiency of the heat pump system. We have investigated the dehumidification rate and optimal discharge pressure under different operating conditions. The results show that even under the harsh operating conditions at -10 °C, the HDCOP of the transcritical CO2 desiccant heat pump can still exceed 2.1, and reach 3.12 at a moderate condition of Ta=5 °C. The transcritical CO2 heat pump desiccant system demonstrates significant energy-saving potential.

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Recent advances on air heating system of cabin for pure electric vehicles: A review

Cited by 19 publications

References 58 publications

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Improving Electric Vehicle Range and Thermal Comfort through an Innovative Seat Heating System

Performance evaluation of transcritical CO₂ desiccant heat pumps for electric vehicles

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Recent advances on air heating system of cabin for pure electric vehicles: A review

Cited by 19 publications

References 58 publications

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Improving Electric Vehicle Range and Thermal Comfort through an Innovative Seat Heating System

Performance evaluation of transcritical CO2 desiccant heat pumps for electric vehicles

Contact Info

Product

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Performance evaluation of transcritical CO₂ desiccant heat pumps for electric vehicles