Recent Advances of Phytobiotic Utilization in Carp Farming: A Review

Abstract

Carp farming is a popular aquaculture activity that provides affordable protein sources and job opportunities to many people worldwide. As carp farming intensifies, farmers face major issues such as rising feed costs and excessive antibiotic usage. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore alternative resources to ensure the sustainability of the carp farming industry. One of the most promising resources is phytobiotics that possess various properties beneficial for carp production. Furthermore, most phytobiotics are derived from agricultural waste that is abundant and cheap, but some phytobiotics are produced commercially and available in the market. The main topics of this review are highlighted sources, characteristics of phytobiotics, and the usefulness of phytobiotics in improving growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, antioxidant activity, and health of carps against diseases. Furthermore, in this review, recent methods of administration of phytobiotics such as through feeding, bathing, and intraperitoneal injection in carp farming are also discussed and summarised.

Exploring the roles of phytobiotics in relieving the impacts of Edwardsiella tarda infection on fish: a mini-review

“…Phytobiotics are plant-based derivatives that have beneficial effects on organisms. The bioactive compounds are responsible for the biological activities of phytobiotics, such as alkaloids, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds ( 31 ). The biological activities of phytobiotics can be anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and others.…”

“…The biological activities of phytobiotics can be anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and others. Generally, phytobiotics play an important role in promoting the growth of gut microbiota, increasing feed efficiency, and activating immune-related genes to enhance the immune system of fish ( 31 ). For example, Brown alga, Ecklonia cava , was found to promote the growth of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in zebrafish and modulate the immune system of the fish against Edwardsiellosis infection ( 32 ).…”

“…Phytobiotics are referred to as any plant-based products that have antimicrobial activity ( 31 , 62 ) and antioxidant capacity, can promote growth performance ( 63 ), enhance the immune system ( 64 ), stimulate disease resistance, and mitigate stress. There are some phytobiotics have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in animal production ( 65 ) such as cottonseed meal and rice hull.…”

Bacteria of Zoonotic Interest Identified on Edible Freshwater Fish Imported to Australia

“…Approximately 90% of global FF takes place in countries that have no or few effective regulations for antibiotic use [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Despite the advances in bacterial control in FF, phytobiotics to improve disease tolerance [ 21 , 22 ], phytocompounds with antimicrobial activity [ 23 ], vaccines and improved husbandry practices [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], phage therapy and research into antimicrobial peptides [ 27 ] and biosynthesized nanoparticles [ 28 , 29 ], antibiotics are still injudiciously applied to control bacterial disease in some countries [ 30 , 31 ]. Antibiotics used to inactivate or inhibit bacteria may accumulate in the ponds, sediments and fish raised in the FF system [ 2 ].…”

Combined Effects of Butyl Hydroxytoluene and Vitamin C on the Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Antioxidative Status of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

“…Common carp is a widely distributed finfish species with high commercial value (Chen et al, 2022;Hoseini et al, 2023). Therefore, feeds of farmed common carp should be fortified with functional additives to ensure high growth performance and health status under farming conditions (Kari et al, 2022). In this regard, dietary BHT and vitamin C have adequate antioxidative, metabolic, and physiological roles and can mitigate the impacts of lipid peroxidation that may occur in fish feed (Lee et al, 2023;Paduraru et al, 2021).…”