Recent Advances of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing Technology Based on High-Throughput Sequencing

Abstract

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans is a genetic region consisting of cell surface proteins located on the short arm of chromosome 6. This is also known as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. The HLA region consists of genes that exhibit complex genetic polymorphisms, and are extensively involved in immune responses. Each individual has a unique set of HLAs. Donor-recipient HLA allele matching is an important factor for organ transplantation. Therefore, an established rapid and accurate HLA typing technology is instrumental to preventing graft-verses-host disease (GVHD) in organ recipients. As of recent, high-throughput sequencing has allowed for an increase read length and higher accuracy and throughput, thus achieving complete and high-resolution full-length typing. With more advanced nanotechnology used in high-throughput sequencing, HLA typing is more widely used in third-generation single-molecule sequencing. This review article summarizes some of the most widely used sequencing typing platforms and evaluates the latest developments in HLA typing kits and their clinical applications.

Pharmacogenes that demonstrate high association evidence according to CPIC, DPWG, and PharmGKB

“…Thus, molecular testing should be considered. A wide range of polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B loci, located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6, have been shown to be risk factors for various adverse reactions (e.g., hypersensitivity and hepatotoxicity) related to nine different medications ( 48 , 49 ). HLA-B * 57:01 is a famous example of an allele seriously associated with life-threatening reactions as a consequence of exposure to abacavir (induces severe hypersensitivity) ( 50 ) and flucloxacillin (induces liver injury) ( 51 ).…”

A call to establish HLA registry in Iraq

“…As some HLA antigens are present on different body tissues rather than only blood cells, their detection is defined as “Tissue Typing” or “HLA typing”. 3 …”

“…The HLA system's clinical relevance extends beyond infectious diseases to include autoimmune disorders and organ transplantation. 3 The precise mechanisms underlying the majority of HLA-disease associations are poorly understood. The development of social stratification centered on religion, language, and geography, impacts of founder effect, ethnic mixture or selection pressure brought on by environmental factors are some of the mechanisms suggested for such variation.…”

Advancements in magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensors for point-of-care testing

“…They possess properties such as high biomolecule binding rates ( Li B. et al, 2017 ), large specific surface areas ( Kellnberger et al, 2016 ), low toxicity ( Lee et al, 2016 ), and magnetic enrichment capabilities ( Su et al, 2019 ; Gavilán et al, 2021 ), making them an excellent choice for various biological assays. Moreover, MNPs can be tailored to different analyses ( Ren et al, 2020 ), reducing both cost and time ( Lin et al, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2022 ). Additionally, they are environmentally friendly and pose no harm to human health.…”