Recent advances of biomass carbon dots on syntheses, characterization, luminescence mechanism, and sensing applications

Abstract

Carbon dots have attracted much attention due to their high fluorescence intensity, easy modification, good stability, and biocompatibility. However, the realization of low‐cost mass production of high‐quality carbon dots still faces great challenges. Biomass is of non‐toxic and environmentally friendly organism, but a lot of biomass is treated as waste for burning and landfill at present, causing irreparable pollution to the environment. In fact, many biomass resources are ideal candidates for preparing carbon dots. This review focuses on carbon dots including carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) which using biomass as carbon source on the aspects of plants and their derivatives, animals and their derivatives and municipal waste. The characterization of the structure and composition of biomass carbon dots, the regulation of fluorescence color and the methods of improving quantum yield (QY) including heteroatom doping and surface modification are introduced in detail. Moreover, biomass carbon dots for detecting metal ions and non‐metal molecules and their quenching mechanism are emphatically introduced in addition to summarizing the luminescence mechanism, and some promising prospects and challenges in this uplifting field are discussed.

3D Ordered Porous Hybrid of ZnSe/N‐doped Carbon with Anomalously High Na+ Mobility and Ultrathin Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…[38,40,41] The N 1s curve (Figure 4f) presents the existence of graphitic N (402.0 eV, 6.3%), pyrrolic N (400.4 eV, 64.9%), and pyridinic N (398.6 eV, 28.8%). [42][43][44] The pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen atoms are major proportion, which can not only introduce several defects, and accordingly lead to a great increase in the active reaction sites, but also enhance the conductivity of the hybrid and regarded as efficient adsorption sites for Li 2 Se/Na 2 Se/K 2 Se. [42,45]…”

Harnessing versatile dynamic carbon precursors for multi-color emissive carbon dots

“…39 Biomass-derived CDs are commonly obtained via polymerization, dehydration and carbonization processes, in which the component of biomass is critical to the size and shape of the CDs. 40 Natural biomass contains amino and carboxyl groups, which exhibit a cross-linking effect during the carbonization process together with heteroatom doping, and therefore induces the formation of multi-color and distinct QY in CDs. Polymeric molecules with well-defined structures contain heteroatoms and their good reproducibility in large-scale production with tunable properties ( i.e.…”

“…13,96,97 The mechanism for the formation of these CDs mainly involves polymerization, dehydration and carbonization of the constituents such as saccharides, citric acid, and ascorbic acid in mushrooms. 40…”

Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care—An Updated Review (2018–2021)

“…When the X-rays are subjected to the crystalline structures of CDs, they are diffracted, detected, processed, and computed, which reveals the average structure of CDs. However, it is noteworthy to mention that XRD is inefficient to characterize amorphous CDs [155,194,201,[203][204][205][206][207][208][209]. A classic example for the characterization of CDs by XRD is shown in Figure 12 [173].…”