Recent advances of aromatization catalysts for C4 hydrocarbons

Highly Versatile, Non‐noble Metal‐Based Catalytic Process for the Production of Green Aromatics and High‐Octane Fuel from Bio‐Derived Hydrocarbon Mix

“…Upon reduction the Ga 2 O 3 may form Ga + and GaH 2 + species which interact strongly with the zeolite framework resulting in the shifting of peaks towards higher binding energy [47,48] . Such a strongly interacting Ga species leads to the formation of stronger Lewis acid sites which work synergistically with H‐ZSM‐5 originated Bronsted acid sites to improve aromatization function [54] . The presence of reducible Ga species (GaH 2 + , Ga + ) provides active site for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons forming light olefins.…”

“…[47,48] Such a strongly interacting Ga species leads to the formation of stronger Lewis acid sites which work synergistically with H-ZSM-5 originated Bronsted acid sites to improve aromatization function. [54] The presence of reducible Ga species (GaH 2 + , Ga + ) provides active site for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons forming light olefins. Further, the H-ZSM-5 originated Bronsted acid sites can catalyze the oligomerization of light olefins to produce aromatics.…”

Optimization of hierarchical ZSM-5 structure from kaolin as catalysts for biofuel production

“…The reaction is followed by subsequent oligomerization, cyclization, and aromatics formation via the hydrogen transfer mechanism. 70 Apart from ZSM-5 acidity to catalyze C–C bond dissociation in deoxygenation, the pore characteristics of ZSM-5 that consisted of intersecting straight and zig-zag channels are also crucial for aromatic compound formation from hydrocarbons. 71 These studies revealed that aromatics formation favors mesoporous aluminosilicate instead of hierarchical ZSM-5, presumably due to the high production of light hydrocarbons on mesoporous aluminosilicate.…”

Catalytic upgrading of volatiles in co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass by Mo-MFI molecular sieves

“…41 Short-chain alkanes can be aromatized with the participation of molybdenum species (skeletal Mo and non-skeletal MoO 3 ). 42,43…”

“…41 Short-chain alkanes can be aromatized with the participation of molybdenum species (skeletal Mo and non-skeletal MoO 3 ). 42,43 During the co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass, the biomass decomposes at a lower temperature than the coal. As a result, it interacts preferentially with the catalyst to produce reactive radicals (OH radicals).…”