Recent Advances of Aqueous Electrolytes for Zinc‐Ion Batteries to Mitigate Side Reactions: A Review

Abstract

The paper discusses the challenges associated with the performance of zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs), such as side reactions that lead to reduced capacity and lifespan. The strategies for mitigating side reactions in ZIBs, including additives, electrolyte‐electrode interface modification, and electrolyte composition optimization, are explored. Combinations of these approaches may be necessary to achieve the best performance for ZIBs. However, continued research is needed to improve the commercial viability of ZIBs. Areas of research requiring attention include the understanding of the mechanisms behind side reactions in ZIBs and the development of cost‐effective and scalable manufacturing processes for ZIBs with available electrolyte. By developing effective strategies for mitigating side reactions, researchers can improve the efficiency and lifespan of ZIBs, making them more competitive with lithium‐ion batteries in various applications, including grid energy storage.

Roadmap on multivalent batteries

“…Electrolytes with narrow electrochemical stability windows may limit the battery's operating voltage range, reducing the capacity and overall energy density [296]. Moreover, safety concerns such as electrolyte decomposition or formation of solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) can compromise the battery's safety and stability [302].…”

“…Various methods, including thermodynamic cycles, are employed for more accurate estimates. The inherent thermodynamic oxidation potential (OER) and reduction potential (HER) with a voltage window of 1.23 V between them, and its narrow EW limits the operating voltage, resulting in a lower energy density, as shown in figure 22 [302]. OH − formation during reactions degrades electrolyte and forms by-products on electrodes, diminishing battery performance.…”

“…Both HER and OER divert electrons that could otherwise contribute to charging the battery, resulting in decreased performance. Furthermore, the production of hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions can lead to battery swelling and rupture, posing safety concerns [302]. Various strategies have been devised to mitigate these side reactions, including the use of additives in the electrolyte to suppress water decomposition and dendrite formation.…”