Recent advances in wave-driven triboelectric nanogenerators: from manufacturing to applications

Abstract

Ocean is the largest reservoir of renewable energy on the earth, in which wave energy occupies an important position due to its high energy density and extensive distribution. Wave-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs), as a cutting-edge technology, demonstrate substantial potential for ocean energy conversion and utilization. This paper provides a comprehensive review of W-TENGs from materials manufacturing and structural fabrications to marine applications. It highlights the versatility in materials selection for W-TENGs and the potential for special treatments to enhance output performance. With the development of materials science, researchers can manufacture materials with various properties as needed. The structural design and fabrication of W-TENGs is the pillar of converting wave energy to electrical energy. The flexible combination of TENG’s multiple working modes and advanced manufacturing methods makes W-TENGs’ structure rich and diverse. The use of advanced technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, enables the manufacturing and upgrading of W-TENGs more convenient and efficient. This paper summarizes their structures and elucidates their features and manufacturing processes. It should be pointed out that all efforts made in materials and structures are aimed at W-TENGs having a bright application prospect. The latest studies on W-TENGs for effective application in the marine field are reviewed, and their feasibility and practical value are evaluated. Finally, based on a systematic review, the existing challenges at this stage are pointed out. More importantly, strategies to address these challenges and directions for future research efforts are also discussed. The goal of this review is to clarify the recent advances in standardization and scale-up of W-TENGs to promote richer innovation and practice in the future.