Recent advances in understanding how rod-like bacteria stably maintain their cell shapes

Teeffelen, Sven van; Renner, Lars D.

doi:10.12688/f1000research.12663.1

Cited by 35 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…During growth, elongation is the process by which cells increase their size, and division is the process by which one bacterial cell separates into two daughter cells. In E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria, both these processes rely on complex PG remodeling involving both PG synthesis and PG degradation (van Teeffelen and Renner, 2018). PG synthesis requires the polymerization of new glycan strands by transglycosylases and the crosslinking of their peptide side-chains by transpeptidases.…”

Section: The Cell Wall Of Gram-negative Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fly on the Wall: How Stress Response Systems Can Sense and Respond to Damage to Peptidoglycan

Delhaye

Collet

Laloux

2019

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is critical for survival across a wide range of environmental conditions. The inner membrane, the periplasm and the outer membrane form a complex compartment, home to many essential processes. Hence, constant monitoring by envelope stress response systems ensure correct biogenesis of the envelope and maintain its homeostasis. Inside the periplasm, the cell wall, made of peptidoglycan, has been under the spotlight for its critical role in bacterial growth as well as being the target of many antibiotics. While much research is centered around understanding the role of the many enzymes involved in synthesizing the cell wall, much less is known about how the cell can detect perturbations of this assembly process, and how it is regulated during stress. In this review, we explore the current knowledge of cell wall defects sensing by stress response systems, mainly in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. We also discuss how these systems can respond to cell wall perturbations to increase fitness, and what implications this has on cell wall regulation.

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Section: The Cell Wall Of Gram-negative Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fly on the Wall: How Stress Response Systems Can Sense and Respond to Damage to Peptidoglycan

Delhaye

Collet

Laloux

2019

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Cell wall precursors are synthesized in the cytosol and are subsequently transferred to the exterior of the cell. Here, designated synthases incorporate these monomers into the pre-existing cell wall 2–4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of wall-less cells inKitasatospora viridifaciensrequires cytoskeletal protein FilP in oxygen-limiting conditions

Ultee

Briegel

Claessen

2020

Preprint

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13The cell wall is considered an essential component for bacterial survival, providing structural support 14 and protection from environmental insults. Under normal growth conditions, filamentous 15 actinobacteria insert new cell wall material at the hyphal tips regulated by the coordinated activity of 16 cytoskeletal proteins and cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. Despite the importance of the cell wall, some 17 filamentous actinobacteria can produce wall-deficient S-cells upon prolonged exposure to 18 hyperosmotic stress. Here we performed cryo-electron tomography and live cell imaging to further 19 characterize S-cell extrusion in Kitasatospora viridifaciens. We show that exposure to hyperosmotic 20 stress leads to DNA compaction, membrane and S-cell extrusion and thinning of the cell wall at 21 hyphal tips. Additionally, we find that the extrusion of S-cells is abolished in a cytoskeletal mutant 22 strain that lacks the intermediate filament-like protein FilP. Furthermore, micro-aerobic culturing 23 promotes the formation of S-cells in the wild-type, but the limited oxygen still impedes S-cell 24 formation in the ΔfilP mutant. These results demonstrate that S-cell formation is stimulated by 25 oxygen-limiting conditions and dependent on the presence of an intact cytoskeleton. 26 27

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“…For most rod-shaped bacteria, the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall defines cell geometry, which is assembled by two major enzymatic systems. The Rod system consists of RodA, a SEDS-family PG polymerase, PBP2, a member of the class B penicillin-binding proteins (bPBPs), and MreB, a bacterial actin homolog that orchestrates the activities of the Rod complexes in response to local cell curvature (1). In contrast, class A PBPs (aPBPs) contribute to PG growth independent of MreB (2,3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Establishing rod shape from spherical, peptidoglycan-deficient bacterial spores

Zhang

Mulholland

Seef

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Chemical-induced spores of the Gram-negative bacteriumMyxococcus xanthusare peptidoglycan (PG)-deficient. It is unclear how these spherical spores germinate into rod-shaped, walled cells without preexisting PG templates. We found that germinating spores first synthesize PG randomly on spherical surfaces. MglB, a GTPase-activating protein, forms a cluster that responds to the status of PG growth and stabilizes at one future cell pole. Following MglB, the Ras family GTPase MglA localizes to the second pole. MglA directs molecular motors to transport the bacterial actin homolog MreB and the Rod PG synthesis complexes away from poles. The Rod system establishes rod shape de novo by elongating PG at nonpolar regions. Thus, similar to eukaryotic cells, the interactions between GTPase, cytoskeletons, and molecular motors initiate spontaneous polarization in bacteria.

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Recent advances in understanding how rod-like bacteria stably maintain their cell shapes

Cited by 35 publications

References 117 publications

A Fly on the Wall: How Stress Response Systems Can Sense and Respond to Damage to Peptidoglycan

A Fly on the Wall: How Stress Response Systems Can Sense and Respond to Damage to Peptidoglycan

Formation of wall-less cells inKitasatospora viridifaciensrequires cytoskeletal protein FilP in oxygen-limiting conditions

Establishing rod shape from spherical, peptidoglycan-deficient bacterial spores

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