Recent advances in therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs

Recent advances in analytical methods for the therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs

“…The most common regimes are the combination of a CsA and MPA or a TAC and MPA, which are often accompanied by glucocorticoids. These reduced drug concentrations require ambitious analytics for the determination of whole‐blood levels, which have been only partially solved in recent years …”

“…), the environmental conditions, and the matrix components of the sample. There are no universal solutions for different sample preparations, although many methods involve protein precipitation with ZnSO 4 followed by an extraction procedure . The most common extraction methods include liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid‐phase‐extraction (SPE) using either offline or online chromatographic separation .…”

“…There are no universal solutions for different sample preparations, although many methods involve protein precipitation with ZnSO 4 followed by an extraction procedure . The most common extraction methods include liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid‐phase‐extraction (SPE) using either offline or online chromatographic separation . Processing of lipophilic drugs usually requires additional solvents, such as methanol, acetonitrile, acetone and mixtures of organic solvents .…”

“…One of the main disadvantages of immunoassays is the lack of analytical specificity due to cross‐reactivity with drug metabolites (active and inactive) or other analytes. Several ISD immunoassays that are commercially available on the market have been described and are partly listed in Table . In the following sections, newly developed immunoassay methods (Table ) and a comparison with the traditional, commercially available immunoassays will be reviewed.…”

“…Maintaining organ function after transplantation is one of the most crucial procedures and requires immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) or immunosuppressants, which are commonly used to prevent organ rejection in patients by exerting a suppressive action on the immune system. Immunosuppressive therapies aim to avoid the inappropriate self‐rejection of transplanted organs . Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ISDs is a well‐established tool dedicated to guiding therapies and improving patient care.…”