Recent advances in the synthesis of alloy phases by mechanical alloying/milling

Suryanarayana, C.

doi:10.1007/bf03026094

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Mechanical alloying (or ballmilling) has been proven to be a good way to easily produce high pressure crystalline compounds. [17][18][19][20] For the first time, our results show that the LiSi phase can be formed using the high energy ballmilling method starting from its elemental constituents, under an argon atmosphere.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Synthesis of Single-Phase LiSi by Ball-Milling: Electrochemical Behavior and Hydrogenation Properties

Tang

Chotard

Janot

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In addition, Zintl phase LiSi, usually prepared under high temperature-pressure (873 K-4 GPa), has recently been added into the diagram as LiSi is also indeed stable under ambient conditions. A novel synthesis method for single-phase LiSi by highly energetic ball-milling is detailed herein. LiSi is investigated for two different applications: a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries and a hydrogen storage material. Up to now, the electrochemistry of LiSi has not yet been explored. In order to obtain metastable Li 15 Si 4 at deep discharge, it is crucial to first form an amorphous Li-poor silicide by oxidation. Subsequent electrochemical behavior after the first cycle follows closely to that of classical silicon with fast capacity fading. On the contrary, when LiSi is first oxidized and x is kept below 1 in Li x Si, a unique electrochemical signature is observed with an initial capacity of 870 mAh.g −1 and good retention for the first 10 cycles. Concerning the hydrogenation properties, 2.8 wt% H 2 can be absorbed by LiSi at 573 K to form [LiH + Si], but the reaction is irreversible because of the slow LiSi formation kinetics.Zintl phases are an important class of materials, chemically located in between the intermetallic and ionic compounds, with extended polyanions that match the Zintl-Klemm concept, i.e. the polyanion structure is similar to that of a neighboring isoelectronic element. They possess a variety of interesting crystal chemistry toward a wide range of applications. 1-3 Various silicon based Zintl phases can be found in the literature and some examples given here are not exhaustive: 1) rare-earth metal silicides e.g. Eu 5 Si 3 with the formula 5[Eu 2+ ][Si] 4− [Si 2 ] 6− ; 4 2) ternary silicides, e.g. LiAlSi with the [AlSi] − zinc-blend network and Li + in octahedral sites next to the more electronegative silicon species, 5,6 and CaAl 2 Si 2 with twodimensional rafts of Ca 2+ cations tightly bound by [Al 2 Si 2 ] 2− layers (each Si is surrounded by 4 Al in a flipped tetrahedron or umbrella shaped); 6,7 3) alkaline-earth silicides e.g. CaSi 2 have puckered [Si − ] n polyanion corrugated layers (each silicon has three equidistant neighbors) separated from each other by planar mono-layers of Ca 2+ ; 8 4) alkali silicides, which are commonly found with [Si 4 ] 4− or/and [Si 9 ] 4− Zintl anions, e.g. Rb 12 Si 17 (in a 2:1 ratio). 9 Our interest lies in the alkali monosilicides, i.e. MSi (M = Li -Cs). For the heavier alkali monosilicides (MSi, M = Na, K, Rb, Cs), the silicon atoms form isolated [Si 4 ] 4− tetrahedra (which are isoelectronic with white phosphorus P 4 molecules) within the unit cell surrounded by four M + cations, with NaSi crystallizing in a monoclinic unit cell 10 and MSi (M = K, Rb, Cs) in cubic ones. 11 Unlike CaSi 2 which has very good stability toward moist air, 12 these alkali silicides are extremely air and moisture sensitive. 10,11 However, the missing piece in the alkali metal series is still the LiSi analog. Unlike the heavier alkali metal monosilicides, LiSi does not possess...

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mentioning

confidence: 91%

Synthesis of Single-Phase LiSi by Ball-Milling: Electrochemical Behavior and Hydrogenation Properties

Tang

Chotard

Janot

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The bright field micrograph displayed nanocrystalline α-Fe and . It hasbeenreportedthatnanocrystallineα-Fe and or an amorphousα-Fe phase was observed in mechanically milled Fe-C powders [8,26,[71][72][73]. The formation of theses phases was found to be critically dependent on the milling conditions such as milling time and ball-to-powder weight ratio [8].…”

Section: Structural Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growing demand for newer materials characterized by improved properties was the reason for developing unconventional processing techniques such as mechanical alloying (MA) [8,28,72], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [83][84][85], and rapid solidification processing (RSP) [86][87][88]. MA is a solid state powder processing technique, which is performed in a high-energy…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Milling Time on the Structure and Properties of Mechanically Alloyed High Carbon Iron-Carbon Alloys

Khalfallah

Aning

2019

Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering

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The effects of mechanical alloying milling time and carbon concentration on microstructural evolution and hardness of high-carbon Fe-C alloys were investigated.Mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy methods were used to prepare the samples. Mixtures of elemental powders of iron and 1.4, 3, and 6.67 wt.% pre-milled graphite were milled in a SPEX mill with tungsten milling media for up to 100h. The milled powders were then coldcompacted and pressure-less sintered between 900°C and 1200°C for 1h and 5h followed by furnace cooling. Milled powders and sintered samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Density and micro-hardness were measured. The milled powders and sintered samples were studied as follows:In the milled powders, the formation of was observed through Mossbauer spectroscopy after 5h of milling and its presence increased with milling time and carbon concentration. The particle size of the milled powders decreased and tended to become more equi-axed after 100h of milling. Micro-hardness of the milled powders drastically increased with milling time as well as carbon concentration. A DSC endothermic peak around 600°C was detected in all milled powders, and its transformation temperature decreased with milling time.In the literature, no explanation was found. In this work, this peak was found to be due to the formation of phase. A DSC exothermic peak around 300°C was observed in powders milled for 5h and longer; its transformation temperature decreased with milling time. This peak was due to the recrystallization and/or recovery α-Fe and growth of .In the sintered samples, almost 100% of pearlitic structure was observed in sintered samples prepared from powders milled for 0.5h. The amount of the pearlite decreased with milling time, contrary to what was found in the literature. The decrease in pearlite occurred at the same time as an increase in graphite-rich areas. With milling, carbon tended to form graphite instead of . Longer milling time facilitated the nucleation of graphite during sintering. High mount of graphite-rich areas were observed in sintered samples prepared from powders milled for 40h and 100h. Nanoparticles of were observed in a ferrite matrix and the graphite-rich areas in samples prepared from powders milled for 40h and 100h. Micro-hardness of the sintered samples decreased with milling time as decreased. The green density of compacted milled powders decreased with milling time and the carbon concentration that affected the density of sintered samples. Abstract The effects of milling time and carbon composition of the alloy on microstructural evolution and hardness of high-carbon Fe-C alloys were investigated. Mixtures of elemental powders of iron and 1.4, 3, and 6.67 wt.% nano graphite were milled, pressed and the sintered between 900°C and 1200°C for 1h and 5h. Milled powders and sintered samples were characterized. Density and hardness were measured. The milled powders...

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“…Conceptually, MA is normally a dry, high-energy ball milling technique that has been employed in the production of a variety of commercially useful and scientifically interesting materials. Several investigations have been carried out to make a variety of intermetallic, nonequilibrium phase, stable and metastable phases, including supersaturated solid solutions, crystalline and quasicrystalline intermediate phases, and amorphous alloys [18][19][20][21][22]. In addition, powder mixtures subjecting to heavy plastic deformation are activated to induce chemical reactions at normal temperature or even low-temperatures than normally required to produce nanocomposites, pure metal and so on.…”

Section: Development and Overview Of Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of Ni3S2 synthesized by mechanical alloying for Na/Ni3S2 cell

et al. 2011

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To synthesize nanocrystalline Ni 3 S 2 cathode material for Na/Ni 3 S 2 cell with low cost nickel and sulfur elements, mechanical alloying (MA) was employed directly and with different ball powder ratios (BPRs) of 20 ‫׃‬ 1, 25 ‫׃‬ 1 and 30 ‫׃‬ 1, the mean particle size of 3.99, 2.84 and 2.75 μm can be obtained, respectively. In order to ulteriorly reduce the particle size to improve the contact areas between the active materials, the wet ball milling with the normal Hexane (C 6 H 14 ) as the milling solvent was also conducted for 30 h using the ball milling machine, and the submicro Ni 3 S 2 powder particles can be gained. The charge/discharge properties of Na/Ni 3 S 2 cells for wet milled system were investigated at room temperature using 1 M NaCF 3 SO 3 (sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate) dissolved in TEGDME (tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) as the liquid electrolyte. And the initial charge/discharge capacity was 397 and 425 mAh/g, respectively, which indicates the small particle size of cathode materials are conductive to the discharge properties.

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Recent advances in the synthesis of alloy phases by mechanical alloying/milling

Cited by 49 publications

References 78 publications

Synthesis of Single-Phase LiSi by Ball-Milling: Electrochemical Behavior and Hydrogenation Properties

Synthesis of Single-Phase LiSi by Ball-Milling: Electrochemical Behavior and Hydrogenation Properties

The Effect of Milling Time on the Structure and Properties of Mechanically Alloyed High Carbon Iron-Carbon Alloys

A study of Ni3S2 synthesized by mechanical alloying for Na/Ni3S2 cell

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