Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates via CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides

Rehman, Abdul; Saleem, Faisal; Javed, Farhan; Ikhlaq, Amir; Ahmad, Syed Waqas; Harvey, Adam

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105113

Cited by 129 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…The ring-opening of the three-membered epoxide releases ring strain energy, which is sufficient to drive the reaction. [23] In principle, a cycloaddition reaction of CO 2 with an epoxide to generate a cyclic carbonate often follows two pathways:…”

Section: Mechanism Of Co 2 Cycloaddition Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. [19,23] In the epoxide activation route, a nucleophile attacks the less hindered carbon atom on the epoxide, while in the CO 2 activation route, the nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon on CO 2 . For epoxide activation, the generally accepted mechanism using polymeric ionic liquids or ionic polymer catalysts involves the following steps, as shown schematically in Fig.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Co 2 Cycloaddition Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

et al. 2021

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In this mini review, we highlight some key work from the last 2 years where ionic polymers have been used as a catalyst to convert CO 2 into cyclic carbonates. Emerging ionic polymers reported for this catalytic application include materials such as poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs) or ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) among others. All these organic materials share in common the ionic moiety cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, viologen, ammonium, phosphonium, and guanidinium, and anions such as halides, [BF 4 ] -, [PF 6 ] -, and [Tf 2 N] -. The mechanistic aspects and efficiency of the CO 2 conversion reaction and the polymer design including functional groups and porosity are discussed in detail. This review should provide valuable information for researchers to design new polymers for important catalysis applications.

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Section: Mechanism Of Co 2 Cycloaddition Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Co 2 Cycloaddition Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

et al. 2021

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“…The atom‐efficient reaction of CO 2 with epoxides to produce useful five‐membered cyclic carbonates products (Figure 1) is an example of these desired transformations. Cyclic carbonates can be used as polar aprotic solvents, electrolytes in lithium‐ion batteries, starting materials for the production of pharmaceuticals, monomers for polycarbonate synthesis, etc [5–13] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the BPO₄‐Driven Catalytic Mechanism for the Formation of Cyclic Carbonates from CO₂ and Epoxides

2021

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The growing concern about climate change has aroused great interest in the scientific community to carry out a large number of investigations pointing to find new strategies of using the carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce useful and harmless molecules. A computational study on the catalytic fixation of CO2 to epoxides with the aim of obtaining cyclic carbonates is presented in this article. The boron phosphate (BPO4) and some halides have been used as the catalyst and co‐catalysts, respectively. The reaction mechanisms have been rationalized based on density functional theory (DFT) energies and the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to simulate the effect of different solvents. This study provides a deeper understanding on the BPO4 catalyst and its role on conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates by exploring the topography of the potential energy surfaces and analyzing the geometrical and electronic structures of the relevant stationary points along different reaction pathways. In addition, a solvent effect comparison was made between n‐hexanol, Et2O and 2‐butanol.

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“…On the context of our interest in developing greener approaches for CO 2 conversion into organic carbonates [39], in this work, we have supported an ionic liquid ([Aliquat][Cl]) into an alginate aerogel matrix and applied it as SILP catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction between CO 2 and limonene oxide (a bio-based epoxide). The use of epoxides derived from renewable resources such as waste biomass has recently received increasing attention as a strategy to produce fully sustainable cyclic carbonates [40][41][42]. In particular, limonene epoxide has been explored in several studies as a renewable substrate that is also particularly challenging due to intrinsically higher steric demand [43,44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bio-Based Alginate Aerogel as an Ionic Liquid Support for the Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides

et al. 2021

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In this work, the ionic liquid [Aliquat][Cl] was supported into alginate and silica aerogel matrices and applied as a catalyst in the cycloaddition reaction between CO2 and a bio-based epoxide (limonene oxide). The efficiency of the alginate aerogel system is much higher than that of the silica one. The method of wet impregnation was used for the impregnation of the aerogel with [Aliquat][Cl] and a zinc complex. The procedure originated a well-defined thin solvent film on the surface of support materials. Final materials were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, N2 Adsorption–Desorption Analysis, X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption and Field Emission Scanning Microscopy. Several catalytic tests were performed in a high-pressure apparatus at 353.2 K and 4 MPa of CO2.

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Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates via CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides

Cited by 129 publications

References 225 publications

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

Insights into the BPO₄‐Driven Catalytic Mechanism for the Formation of Cyclic Carbonates from CO₂ and Epoxides

A Bio-Based Alginate Aerogel as an Ionic Liquid Support for the Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides

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Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates via CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides

Cited by 129 publications

References 225 publications

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO

Insights into the BPO4‐Driven Catalytic Mechanism for the Formation of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides

A Bio-Based Alginate Aerogel as an Ionic Liquid Support for the Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides

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Product

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Insights into the BPO₄‐Driven Catalytic Mechanism for the Formation of Cyclic Carbonates from CO₂ and Epoxides