Recent advances in the syntheses of anthracene derivatives

Abstract

Anthracene and anthracene derivatives have been extensively studied over the years because of their interesting photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. They are currently the subject of research in several areas, which investigate their use in the biological field and their application in OLEDs, OFETs, polymeric materials, solar cells, and many other organic materials. Their synthesis remains challenging, but some important preparative methods have been reported, especially in the last decade. This review presents an update of the recent strategies that have been employed to prepare anthracene derivatives. It encompasses papers published over the last twelve years (2008–2020) and focuses on direct and indirect methods to construct anthracene and anthraquinone frameworks.

Probing elemental speciation in hydrochar produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of anaerobic digestates using quantitative X-ray diffraction

“…Likewise, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was converted into benzophenone via oxidation-benzoylation mechanism (C28). 71 Afterward, the resulting benzophenone was dehydrated (C29, the Elbs reaction) 72 into anthracene followed by oxidation (C30) and amination 60 (C31) to precipitate as aminoanthraquinone. By coupling (C33) with benzaldehyde-derived benzylamine (L29), the aminoanthraquinone was further converted into solid 1-(anthracen-9-yl)- N -(phenylmethyl)methanamine.…”

“…Meanwhile, the formation of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone followed the same mechanisms as 1-aminoanthraquinone at high temperature acid-catalyzed HTL with the amination step was replaced by the oxidation of C-H bond on the ring into C-OH (C32). This partial similarity was due to endothermic nature of the oxidation-benzoylation of benzoic acid into benzophenone 71 and the following dehydration 72 and oxidation. 83 The formation of azoles particularly triazolones and tetrazoles generally followed the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition mechanism.…”

N-Cyanomethylmethanimine tethered anthracene dimer: concise synthesis, conformational properties and photoinduced configurational isomerization

“…As a small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), anthracene has been extensively studied and applied in the fields of advanced organic optoelectronic materials and supramolecular devices, owing to its versatile photophysical properties and photochemistry. 1–3 Strong blue fluorescence emission is a hallmark feature of anthracene, making it a popular fluorogenic component in making organic deep-blue emitters. 4,5 In aggregated states, anthracene tends to form excimers, resulting in considerably quenched fluorescence or substantially red-shifted emission.…”

Photoreactivity of an Exemplary Anthracene Mixture Revealed by NMR Studies, including a Kinetic Approach

“…Among acenes, anthracene and its derivatives are of central interest, which is primarily due to their relatively easy synthesis and purification, which facilitates their potential applications in various fields of chemistry, material sciences and biology [6][7][8]. In particular, one of the most important research issues regarding anthracenes is related to their photoreactivity, which, in principle, involves two scenarios of [4 + 2] and [4 + 4] photoinduced cycloadditions [9][10][11].…”