“…The most abundant HCAs in grapes are caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, in decreasing order (Flanzy, 2000). HCAs have been reported to inhibit growth of a variety of organisms including fungi and bacteria (Campos, Couto, & Hogg, 2003;Ravn, Andary, Kovacs, & Moelgaard, 1989;Stead, 1993;Van Sumere, Cottenie, De Gref, & Kint, 1971;Walker, Bais, Halligan, Stermitz, & Vivanco, 2003). In particular, the growth of a number of yeast species is inhibited by HCAs in concentrations over 1 mM, with ferulic and p-coumaric acids being generally found to be the most inhibitory (Harris, Jiranek, Ford, & Grbin, 2010;Ou & Kwok, 2004;Pastorkova et al, 2013).…”