Recent advances in the rational design of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems

Abstract

The most encouraging prospect of energy storage gadgets is batteries and supercapacitors to overcome the need for energy. The environmental problems presently captivate a huge interest in scientific awareness. The improvement of two-dimensional (2D) profoundly effective cathode materials is the way to new research in the fields of energy transformation as well as energy storage devices. MXenes, another fascinating group of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbo-nitrides has gained impressive consideration because of their phenomenal properties like high electrical conductivity, hydrophilic nature, magnificent thermal strength, huge interlayer separation, effectively tunable construction, and high surface area. In this review, various MXenes synthesis courses utilizing distinctive materials for example hydrofluoric acid, ammonium hydrazine, lithium fluoride, and hydrochloric acid have been discussed. Additionally, different combinations of MXenes with the leading polymers are still there and should have been investigated. Potential applications of MXenes have also been discussed in the perspective of energy harvesting. MXenes have been proved as promising candidates to resolve the energy crisis because of their pre-eminent applications in batteries, supercapacitors, and cells. MXenes have also been used for carbon dioxide reduction and hydrogen production.

The effect of ultrasound on synthesis and energy storage mechanism of Ti3C2Tx MXene

“…Recently, MXenes have been frequently used as electrocatalysts [2] , [3] , and high active electrocatalytic performance has been achieved, which is comparable to metal-based materials [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] . MXenes can be prepared from their precursor, named as MAX phase, which has the general chemical formula of M n+1 AX n [8] . In a typical MAX phase, M stands for early transition metals, A denotes an A-group element and X represents C or N, or a combination of them.…”

“…In a typical MAX phase, M stands for early transition metals, A denotes an A-group element and X represents C or N, or a combination of them. To date, more than 100 discrete stoichiometric forms of MXenes have been theoretically predicted, and over 30 chemical formulations of MXene have been successfully synthesized [8] . Among the abundant MXenes, Ti 3 C 2 Tx is the most actively studied one, in which the Tx stands for the surface terminations, such as –OH, -F, and -Cl, etc.…”

“…Among the abundant MXenes, Ti 3 C 2 Tx is the most actively studied one, in which the Tx stands for the surface terminations, such as –OH, -F, and -Cl, etc. Ti 3 C 2 Tx is normally prepared by selective removal of Al from Ti 3 AlC 2 structure, which is named as the etching of Al [8] . In the Ti 3 AlC 2 structure, the aluminum (abbreviated to Al) atoms are weakly bonded to the two adjacent layers of Ti 3 C 2 , this renders the Al atoms chemically active, and therefore the removal of Al can be achieved via chemical reactions.…”

“…In the Ti 3 AlC 2 structure, the aluminum (abbreviated to Al) atoms are weakly bonded to the two adjacent layers of Ti 3 C 2 , this renders the Al atoms chemically active, and therefore the removal of Al can be achieved via chemical reactions. A range of chemical configurations has been demonstrated for synthesizing Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene, such as HF, NH 4 HF 2 , NaOH, LiF in HCl solution, etc [8] . Among these chemical reagents, hydrofluoric acid solution has been proved to be a good candidate for removal of Al from the Ti 3 AlC 2 structures.…”

Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene toward enhanced energy storage performance

“…MXene and MXene-based materials find their application in a variety of fields, including energy storage, catalysis, sensors, nanogenerator, desalination, and microwave shielding [1] , [2] . For example, self-assembled MXene nanostructures possess superior catalytic performances for water treatment and hydrogen production [3] , [4] , [5] . MXene or MXene-based materials are commonly prepared from their corresponding MAX precursors, which exhibit 3D crystal structure but consist of the bonding and stacking of 2D layered structures.…”