Recent advances in the progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer: A review

Abstract

Most patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with palliative therapy, which had a poor curative effect and a short survival time. In recent years, the clinical research of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced gastric cancer has made a breakthrough and has become an important treatment for advanced gastric cancer. The modes of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer include single drug, combined chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and multiple immune drug combination therapy, among which combination therapy shows better clinical efficacy, and a large number of trials are currently exploring more effective combination therapy programs. In this paper, the new clinical research progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer is reviewed, with an emphasis on combination therapy.

Harnessing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Against Gastric Cancer: Charting the Course to Expanded Therapeutic Benefit

“…This enables ongoing immune evasion, allowing cancer cells to continue growing despite the presence of ICIs. Approaches that simultaneously target multiple checkpoints could potentially help overcome this redundancy 160 . For instance, combination therapies that target both PD-1 and LAG-3 have shown promise in preclinical models 160 .…”

“…Approaches that simultaneously target multiple checkpoints could potentially help overcome this redundancy 160 . For instance, combination therapies that target both PD-1 and LAG-3 have shown promise in preclinical models 160 . Moreover, a number of clinical trials are currently exploring more effective combination therapy programs 160 .…”

“…For instance, combination therapies that target both PD-1 and LAG-3 have shown promise in preclinical models 160 . Moreover, a number of clinical trials are currently exploring more effective combination therapy programs 160 . Loss of antigenicity, due to mutations in genes encoding tumor antigens, can also drive resistance 161, 162 .…”

Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Role of miRNAs as Biomarkers of Tumor Invasion

“…Most GCs are adenocarcinomas, which can be further subdivided into intestinal and diffuse types according to the Lauren classification [ 9 , 10 ] and are also associated with infectious agents, including the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and the Epstein–Barr virus [ 11 , 12 ]. Therapies are mainly based on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy and are effective alternatives for patients who cannot undergo surgical resection [ 8 , 13 , 14 ]. However, a proportion of patients can develop resistance to therapy with subsequent metastasis formation.…”

Dissecting gastric cancer heterogeneity and exploring therapeutic strategies using bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis and experimental validation of tumor microenvironment and metabolic interplay

“…The overall 5-year survival rate for STAD patients is only 31%, increasing to 67% when diagnosed before metastasis ( Howlader et al, 2012 ). Recent technological advancements have revealed novel mechanistic strategies that have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for gastric cancer ( Shen and Wang, 2022 ; Takei et al, 2022 ). However, the benefits of these approaches, namely, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, are confined to a small subset of patients.…”