Recent Advances in the Photochemistry of Heterocyclic N-Oxides and Their Derivatives

Poole, James S.

doi:10.1007/7081_2017_4

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 286 publications

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“…Poor access to insurance cover and lack of awareness of the existence of formal risk management services as barriers to taking up formal risk management services were each stated by 56.27% of the smallholder farmers. This finding is consistent with Poole (2017) who stated that the ability to manage Only 17.68% of the smallholder farmers subscribed to and utilized the direct risk management services provided by the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation. All the formal risk management services-providing institutions were owned by government.…”

Section: Marginal Effects Of Change In Dependent Variable As a Results Of Unit Change In Independent Variablessupporting

confidence: 89%

“…no private participation in the public provision of formal risk management services. This evidence tends to buttress the argument of Poole (2017) that formal insurance is an important factor in rural development as a way of reducing poor people's vulnerability to external risks and enabling them to escape poverty traps. However, there is a need for the government at different levels to explore the benefits of public-private-participation in this service delivery.…”

Section: Risks Encountered By the Smallholder Farmers And The Perceived Impactmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…1, 2021 by the mechanism used in determining and profiling the risk and the volume of loss incurred by the farmers. Poole (2017) observed that public policy is needed to strengthen market-supporting institutions to improve access to financial services and mechanisms for contract enforcement.…”

Section: Conclusion and Policy Recommendationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smallholder Farmers’ Formal Risk Management Services: Evidence from Southeast Nigeria

Ejiogu¹,

Chidiebere-Mark²,

Emeribe³

2021

IJAFS

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Smallholder farmers’ livelihood activities are mainly centred on agricultural investments which are inherently risky. The risky nature of agricultural activities is further complicated by the fact that resource-poor smallholder farmers operate in an environment with weak markets and less than satisfactory financial services. Formal risk management services hold out the expected external intervention for aiding the resource-poor farmers break out of the vicious circle of poverty. Not all formal risk management services are actually tailored to the scope the smallholder farmers. This study therefore set out to examine the formal risk management services employed by the smallholder farmers in southeast Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting respondents. Out of 504 smallholder farmers selected, data were successfully collected from 494. Functional analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Results showed that 37% of the smallholder farmers employed formal risk management services; 17.68% subscribed to and utilized direct formal risk management services provided by the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation. There was a sufficiently deficient use of formal risk management services by smallholder farmers in Southeast Nigeria. It is recommended that the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation should tailor its services to the needs of the smallholder farmers.

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Section: Marginal Effects Of Change In Dependent Variable As a Results Of Unit Change In Independent Variablessupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Risks Encountered By the Smallholder Farmers And The Perceived Impactmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Smallholder Farmers’ Formal Risk Management Services: Evidence from Southeast Nigeria

Ejiogu¹,

Chidiebere-Mark²,

Emeribe³

2021

IJAFS

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“…In the HPLC chromatograms of the spent reaction mixtures, the characteristic peak of the substrate was absent, and only one intense new peak appeared, which was assigned to the product (Figure S1, in the Supplementary Materials). The quantitative (more than 99 %) conversion of the substrates into the corresponding mono-N-oxides was also confirmed by conventional 1D 1 H and 13 C NMR measurements, 2D correlation ( 1 H-1 H and 1 H-13 C) techniques, and mass spectrometry (Figures S2-S58). The chemical shifts are listed in the Supplementary Materials.…”

Section: Synthesis Of the N-oxidesmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…N-oxides of heterocycles are of great importance due to their widespread applicability, including, but not limited to, manufacturing chirality chemosensors [1], oxidizing agents in annulation reactions [2], intramolecular oxidants in Baeyer-Villiger reaction of ketones [3], directing group and source of oxygen atom in sulfonylation reactions [4], phase-transfer catalysts in enantioselective transformations [5], starting materials in C-C bond forming processes [6][7][8][9], or in the synthesis of 2-aminopyridines [10] and N-azine sulfoximines [11]. Recently published papers have discussed the cycloaddition reactions of N-oxides [12], their photochemistry [13,14] and their applications in organocatalysis [15][16][17]. Within this family of compounds, only limited information is available on 1,10-phenanthroline-1-Noxide (phenO) and its derivatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,10-Phenanthroline-mono-N-oxides

et al. 2021

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N-oxides of N-heteroaromatic compounds find widespread applications in various fields of chemistry. Although the strictly planar aromatic structure of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) is expected to induce unique features of the corresponding N-oxides, so far the potential of these compounds has not been explored. In fact, appropriate procedure has not been reported for synthesizing these derivatives of phen. Now, we provide a straightforward method for the synthesis of a series of mono-N-oxides of 1,10-phenanthrolines. The parent compounds were oxidized by a green oxidant, peroxomonosulfate ion in acidic aqueous solution. The products were obtained in high quality and at good to excellent yields. A systematic study reveals a clear-cut correlation between the basicity of the compounds and the electronic effects of the substituents on the aromatic ring. The UV spectra of these compounds were predicted by DFT calculations at the TD-DFT/TPSSh/ def2-TZVP level of theory.

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Photoinduced Pyridine N‐oxides Catalyzed Carbon Radical Generation from Alkylboronic Acids

Ascenzi‐Pettenuzzo,

Nganda,

Deng

2023

ChemCatChem

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Herein we report a protocol for the generation of alkyl carbon radicals from alkylboronic acids wherein photoexcited 4‐nitropyridine N‐oxide biradical features a catalyst to promote the nucleo‐homolytic substitution of boronic acids. With a wide range of readily available aliphatic boronic acids, including methyl boronic acid, the developed catalytic system demonstrates broad applicability for alkylation, amination, and cyanation.

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Recent Advances in the Photochemistry of Heterocyclic N-Oxides and Their Derivatives

Cited by 12 publications

References 286 publications

Smallholder Farmers’ Formal Risk Management Services: Evidence from Southeast Nigeria

Smallholder Farmers’ Formal Risk Management Services: Evidence from Southeast Nigeria

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,10-Phenanthroline-mono-N-oxides

Photoinduced Pyridine N‐oxides Catalyzed Carbon Radical Generation from Alkylboronic Acids

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