Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Carvacrol

Ali, Tabasum; Majeed, Sheikh Tahir; Majeed, Rabiya; Bashir, Rabiah; Mir, Suhail Ahmad; Jan, Ifat; Bader, Ghulam Nabi; Andrabi, Khurshid Iqbal

doi:10.1007/s43450-023-00433-3

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Carvacrol ( 15 , in Figure 3 ) exhibits antifungal properties against a variety of Candida species such as C. albicans, C. glabrata , and C. parapsilosis [ 32 ]. It is also effective against fungal strains which include Penicillium rubrum , Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger , Trichoderma viride , and Aspergillus favus [ 78 ]. Carvacrol can combat some microbial pathogens, resulting from the presence of a phenolic hydroxyl group [ 79 ].…”

Section: Natural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carvacrol also breaks down the fungal envelope, preventing the formation of ergosterol and interfering with the membrane integrity. It alters the capacity of proteins to fold, causing endoplasmic reticulum stress in C. albicans [ 78 ]. Hybrid compounds containing carvacrol and other bioactive molecules have been synthesized and have been found to exhibit a wide range of biological activities.…”

Section: Natural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antifungal Activities of Natural Products and Their Hybrid Molecules

Khwaza,

Aderibigbe

2023

Pharmaceutics

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The increasing cases of drug resistance and high toxicity associated with the currently used antifungal agents are a worldwide public health concern. There is an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs with unique target mechanisms. Plant-based compounds, such as carvacrol, eugenol, coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, thymol, etc., have been explored for the development of promising antifungal agents due to their diverse biological activities, lack of toxicity, and availability. However, researchers around the world are unable to fully utilize the potential of natural products due to limitations, such as their poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility. The development of hybrid molecules containing natural products is a promising synthetic approach to overcome these limitations and control microbes’ capability to develop resistance. Based on the potential advantages of hybrid compounds containing natural products to improve antifungal activity, there have been different reported synthesized hybrid compounds. This paper reviews different literature to report the potential antifungal activities of hybrid compounds containing natural products.

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Section: Natural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Activities of Natural Products and Their Hybrid Molecules

Khwaza,

Aderibigbe

2023

Pharmaceutics

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Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Mercuric Chloride‐Induced Lung Toxicity Through Modulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Autophagy

Eriten,

Kucukler,

Gur

et al. 2024

Environmental Toxicology

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Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is extremely toxic to both humans and animals. It could be absorbed via ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Exposure to HgCl2 can cause severe health effects, including damages to the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems. The purpose of this work was to explore if carvacrol (CRV) could protect rats lungs from damage caused by HgCl2. Intraperitoneal injections of HgCl2 at a dose of 1.23 mg/kg body weight were given either alone or in conjunction with oral CRV administration at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 7 days. The study included biochemical and histological techniques to examine the lung tissue's oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy processes. HgCl2‐induced reductions in GSH levels and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activity were enhanced by CRV co‐administration. Furthermore, MDA levels were lowered by CRV. The inflammatory mediators NF‐κB, IκB, NLRP3, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL6, COX‐2, and iNOS were all reduced by CRV. When exposed to HgCl2, the levels of apoptotic Bax, caspase‐3, Apaf1, p53, caspase‐6, and caspase‐9 increased, but the levels of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 reduced after CRV treatment. CRV decreased levels of Beclin‐1, LC3A, and LC3B, which in turn decreased HgCl2‐induced autophagy damage. After HgCl2 treatment, higher pathological damage was observed in terms of alveolar septal thickening, congestion, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration compared to the control group while CRV ameliorated these effects. Consequently, by preventing HgCl2‐induced increases in oxidative stress and the corresponding inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis, and disturbance of tissue integrity in lung tissues, CRV might be seen as a useful therapeutic alternative.

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