Recent advances in the fundamentals of the kinetics of steelmaking reactions

Fruehan, R. J.; Goldstein, Dovrat; Sarma, Bidyut Bikash; Story, Scott R.; Glaws, Peter; Pasewicz, H. U.

doi:10.1007/s11663-000-0064-5

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Initial calculation of expected droplet trajectories showed less than a second of existence in the emulsion. [65] However, development of theories around gas generation due to decarburization causing droplet halos or bloating has been key to understanding the relative density of the metal being reduced, and the droplets not only float in the slag layer for an extended period [31,47,51,54,[66][67][68][69] (of up to around 2 minutes depending on size and reaction potential) but also grow slightly to increase interfacial area even more. In addition, the present authors have explored droplet reactions under non-gas-producing conditions and have observed the phenomenon of spontaneous emulsification.…”

Section: Behavior Of Metal Droplets In the Bofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two prominent laboratories in the field of pyrometallurgy have produced a series of well-respected journal publications in this immediate area. [49,69,76] They use an experimental setup where a vertical tube furnace is positioned between X-ray radiography equipment. These studies have been invaluable in their findings of gas phase phenomena such as the generation of a ''gas halo'' and ''bloated droplets'' during the decarburization reaction.…”

Section: Gas Phase Production Effects On Free Steel Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hidden Phenomena During Transient Reaction Trajectories in Liquid Metals Processing

Spooner

Sridhar

2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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The transient trajectory taken for a system striving toward equilibration has consequences on the rate of processes and on the chemical and physical state of products in metallurgical processes. A case study approach to recent advancements in liquid steel processing is given. A combination of techniques and knowledge developed is given as a targeted showcase of the authors' contributions to the understanding of liquid metal droplet reactions and their contribution to the large-scale production processes within the steel industry. Examples relevant to novel ironmaking technologies, oxygen steelmaking, ladle metallurgy, and continuous casting are discussed, showing the range of processes that benefit from greater understanding in this area. This article considers specifically the reaction of liquid ferrous droplets, immersed in molten oxides, involving key alloying components, including phosphorus, aluminum, and carbon. The studies use high-temperature-confocal scanning laser microscopy (HT-CSLM), X-ray computed tomography (XCT), phase-field modeling, and in situ limited angle X-ray imaging. These techniques have seen significant development over recent years, and the combination of these powerful tools reveals the occurrence of spontaneous emulsification driven by chemical reaction (in the case of oxygen/phosphorus/aluminum reactions) and gas-phase formation (in the case of decarburization) both internally and externally to a steel droplet. A key finding is that the interfacial area pertinent for the heterogenous reactions to occur changes considerably (by up to an order of magnitude) depending on the chemical driving force. Additional key findings include the shift between preferential internal and external gas nucleation during decarburization, an inflection point of behavior as to whether or not spontaneous emulsification will occur (within the study discussed, this is between 3 and 4 wt pct Al) and the pathway of perturbation growth through which spontaneous emulsification occurs, including the physical maxima a perturbation will grow to before breaking away from the parent droplet.

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Section: Behavior Of Metal Droplets In the Bofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gas Phase Production Effects On Free Steel Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hidden Phenomena During Transient Reaction Trajectories in Liquid Metals Processing

Spooner

Sridhar

2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…[19][20][21][22] Up to 90% of surface coverage may occur with very low levels of sulphur (∼5 ppm). 23 This is known as the surface blockage mechanism, which is responsible for significantly decreasing the rate of carbon transfer from carbon-containing gases into liquid iron. Sulphur is also known for considerably lowering the rate of carbon diffusion in both liquid and solid iron.…”

Section: Further Experimental Aspects Of the Fe-c-s Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the presence of sulphur, the solubility of carbon in liquid iron decreases and thus, the carbon atoms tend to combine to each other forming graphite flakes (cast irons) or other carbon-rich phases such as iron carbides (steels). [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Other relevant literature from ferrous metallurgy concerns the formation of so-called grey cast irons. These irons contain particles of graphite precipitated from the melt on cooling the carbon rich melt.…”

Section: Further Experimental Aspects Of the Fe-c-s Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Sulphur in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Vapour Deposition at High Temperatures

Motta¹,

Moisala²,

Kinloch³

et al. 2008

j nanosci nanotechnol

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Sulphur has been recognised as a growth promoter for carbon fibres and carbon nanotubes for over 30 years. Moreover, the Fe-C-S system, in particular, has been extensively studied for more than half a century in the fields of steelmaking and cast iron. In the present work we examine the role of sulphur in the iron-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes during the process of direct spinning of fibres from the gas phase. A detailed microstructural characterisation of the reaction products was conducted by high resolution TEM and EELS composition mapping on a dedicated FEG STEM (VG HB 501) equipped with Cs aberration correctors. Our results agree with previous works in classical metallurgy, indicating that sulphur forms a layer on the surface of the catalyst particles that plays a role in encouraging nanotube growth by surface diffusion.

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“…In the case of solid carbon reacting with slag, Fruehan et al [18] suggested for higher FeO contents, a mixed control regime involving the slag/gas reaction, transport in the halo and gas/carbon reaction. Story et al [19] suggested that for graphite the rate was typically controlled by the gas/slag reaction and mass transport in the slag.…”

Section: Reduction Of Oxides In Slag By Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the kinetics of slag-metal-gas reactions, past present and future

Coley

2013

J min metall B Metall

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From the early days of slag metal reaction studies in the 1950’s to the mid 1980s, a generation of metallurgists contributed much to the theory of slags and their reactions. These workers showed us the importance of charge transfer in slags. They demonstrated that the reaction interface could change dramatically under the influence of reaction and many questions were asked about the specific reaction mechanisms. This paper will review work in slag metal reactions since the mid 1980s and examine our progress in answering some of the questions raised by the early pioneers. The author will focus on recent work from his own laboratory as well as labs from around the World. Finally the author will make some suggestions regarding future directions in this field

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Recent advances in the fundamentals of the kinetics of steelmaking reactions

Cited by 23 publications

References 17 publications

Hidden Phenomena During Transient Reaction Trajectories in Liquid Metals Processing

Hidden Phenomena During Transient Reaction Trajectories in Liquid Metals Processing

The Role of Sulphur in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Vapour Deposition at High Temperatures

Progress in the kinetics of slag-metal-gas reactions, past present and future

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