Recent advances in the extraction and characterization of seed polysaccharides, and their bioactivities: A review

Recent trends in extraction, purification, and antioxidant activity evaluation of plant leaf‐extract polysaccharides

“…Briefly, in SWE, polysaccharides can be extracted using a small quantity of solvent, especially water, under a high pressure ranging from 0.35 to 2.1 MPa and a high temperature ranging from 100 to 374 °C for a short time 114 . Temperature, pressure, solid‐to‐liquid ratio, solvent flow rate, pH, and extraction time are important parameters that affect the extraction yield using SWE 115 . Using SWE, polysaccharides from Sagittaria sagittifolia leaves were extracted, leading to a high yield of 24.57% at a solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 1:30 (w/v), a temperature of 170 °C, a pH of 7, and a pressure of 1 MPa, with an extraction time of 16 min 94 .…”

“…It is one of the eco‐friendly extraction methods approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has been widely adopted in the food industry 118 . The UPE process can be operated at high pressure ranging from 100 to 1000 MPa with a low temperature of around 50 °C 115 . This technique requires less time and solvent volume since high pressure enhances the mass transfer by disrupting the cell wall, and thus the polysaccharide extraction yield is increased.…”

“…In pulsed electric field‐assisted extraction (PEF), an electric field ranging from 0.1 to 80 kV is applied to plant cells. This permeabilizes the cell membrane to release constituent compounds such as carbohydrates, polyphenolic compounds, and flavonoids in the solvent system at ambient temperature 115 . Pulsed electric field‐assisted extraction is a novel, nonthermal and efficient extraction method that is capable to extract high‐purity polysaccharides within seconds with less energy 144 .…”

“…114 Temperature, pressure, solid-to-liquid ratio, solvent flow rate, pH, and extraction time are important parameters that affect the extraction yield using SWE. 115 Using SWE, polysaccharides from Sagittaria sagittifolia leaves were extracted, leading to a high yield of 24.57% at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 (w/v), a temperature of 170 °C, a pH of 7, and a pressure of 1 MPa, with an extraction time of 16 min. 94 Subcritical-water extraction was successfully utilized for polysaccharide extraction from the stems of Dendrobium Lindl and showed a maximum extraction yield of 21.88% at a temperature of 129.83 °C, a pressure of 1.12 MPa, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 (w/v), with an extraction time of 16.71 min.…”

“…118 The UPE process can be operated at high pressure ranging from 100 to 1000 MPa with a low temperature of around 50 °C. 115 This technique requires less time and solvent volume since high pressure enhances the mass transfer by disrupting the cell wall, and thus the polysaccharide extraction yield is increased. Ultra-highpressure extraction showed a 3.07% polysaccharide yield from the root of Morinda officinalis at a pressure of 420 MPa and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12 (w/v) for 6.5 min.…”