Recent advances in the development of an improved, human anthrax vaccine

Ivins, Bruce E.; Welkos, Susan L.

doi:10.1007/bf00152686

Cited by 123 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…EF is more difficult to purify than PA and LF and seemingly less stable;anti-EF readings may frequently be negative in anti-PA-/anti-LF-positive sera. With considerations of time, cost and that only anti-PA is of significance in protection [10,12,21,24], we now regard it as legitimate to rely just on EIA for anti-PA in routine anthrax serology.…”

Section: Disciussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serological detection of antibody, particularly by gel diffusion in former days, and by EIA since about 1985, has been a fundamental tool in examining the function of existing human and animal anthrax vaccines and, thereby, in the development of putative new alternatives [10,12,[21][22][23][24][25]. EIA or other serological systems such as immunofluorescence have also been applied to detection of anthrax toxin or other allegedly specific antigens in studies of pathogenesis [26] and spore structure [27], or new approaches to diagnosis [28.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serology and anthrax in humans, livestock and Etosha National Park wildlife

et al. 1992

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SUMMARYResults are presented from a number of epidemiological studies using enzyme immunoassays (EIA) based on the purified anthrax toxin antigens, protective antigen. lethal factor and oedema factor. Studies on sera from a group of 62 human anthrax patients in Turkey and from cattle in Britain following two unrelated outbreaks of anthrax show that EIA using protective antigen can be a useful diagnostic aid and will detect subelinical infections in appropriate circumstances. A serological survey on wildlife in the Etosha National Park, Namibia, where anthrax is endemic, showed that naturally acquired anthraxspecific antibodies are rare in herbivores but common in carnivores; in carnivores, titres appear to reflect the prevalence of anthrax in their ranges. Problems, as yet unresolved, were encountered in studies on sera from pigs following an outbreak of anthrax on a farm in Wales.Clinical details, including treatment, of the human and one of the bovine outbreaks are summarized and discussed in relation to the serological findings.

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Section: Disciussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serology and anthrax in humans, livestock and Etosha National Park wildlife

et al. 1992

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“…1,2 Zoonotic anthrax still occurs in many parts of the world, but is well controlled in the U.S. due to animal vaccination programs and other measures. Natural human disease (unintentional infection) usually occurs after contact with infected animals or animal products, and can be characterized as cutaneous, gastrointestinal or inhalational.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Protective Antigen Anthrax Vaccine Given to Healthy Adults

Campbell¹,

Clement²,

Wasserman³

et al. 2007

Human Vaccines

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Background: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a vaccine-preventable zoonotic disease that may follow intentional or unintentional exposure to its spores. Although an anthrax vaccine is currently licensed in the USA, better vaccines are desirable for both pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis.Methods: Healthy adults, aged 18-40 years, received anthrax immunization with either licensed Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA, BioThrax™), or an experimental recombinant Protective Antigen vaccine (rPA) produced from an avirulent, non-spore-forming strain of B. anthracis at one of four doses (5, 25, 50 or 75 mg). Volunteers were followed for safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity.Results: rPA vaccine was well tolerated with a low rate of local or systemic reactions. Although antibody responses were poor following unadjuvanted rPA administration, 89 and 100% of volunteers who received Alhydrogel-adjuvanted rPA given intramuscularly had four-fold increases by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and toxin neutralization assays, respectively. Peak antibody responses to adjuvanted rPA given intramuscularly were equivalent to AVA, given either intramuscularly or subcutaneously, when measured by either assay.Conclusions: This recombinant Protective Antigen anthrax vaccine, when given with the adjuvant Alhydrogel to healthy adults in two intramuscular injections four weeks apart, is very well-tolerated and highly immunogenic.

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“…It is known that antibodies to PA are essential for immunity to B. anthracis (10,14,16,20,25), and the binding sites of several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been mapped to key domains on the PA molecule (21,36). Anthrax vaccine adsorbed is the current licensed anthrax vaccine for humans in the United States and consists of the cell-free culture filtrate of an attenuated strain of B. anthracis combined with an aluminum adjuvant (15,44). Studies show that PA is the principal immunogen of anthrax vaccine adsorbed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%