“…The NPs utilized for OA imaging are mainly carbon-based NPs, for example, single-walled carbon nanotubes; metal-based NPs, for example, gold NPs; bismuth-based NPs; polymer-encapsulated organic NPs; semiconducting polymer NPs (SPNs); conjugated polymer; and novel DNA-based nanocarriers. ( Pu et al, 2014 ; Li and Chen, 2015 ; Weber et al, 2016 ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Yu et al, 2019 ; Zhan et al, 2019 ; Xu et al, 2020 ; Cheng et al, 2021 ; Fan et al, 2021 ; Joseph et al, 2021 ; Qi et al, 2021a ; Tuo et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021a ; Wang et al, 2021b ; Zhen et al, 2021 ). NPs have the advantage of versatile multimodal imaging capacity, a favorable signal/noise ratio, high photothermal conversion, deep penetration depth with near-infrared (NIR) II probes, and diverse structure and types (activable, turnable, and metabolizable).…”