Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis and Chemistry of the Chlorophylls

Senge, Ma­thias O.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02276.x

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…The earliest precursor for chlorophyll (Chl), 1 heme, and bilin synthesis is 5-aminolevulinic acid in higher plants, and the Chl branch of the pathway begins with insertion of magnesium into the protoporphyrin. The biosynthetic pathway to Chl is fairly well understood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Conversion of Chlorophyll b to Chlorophyll a via 7-Hydroxymethyl Chlorophyll

Itô

Ohtsuka

Tanaka

1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

135

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confidence: 99%

Conversion of Chlorophyll b to Chlorophyll a via 7-Hydroxymethyl Chlorophyll

Itô

Ohtsuka

Tanaka

1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

135

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“…They include hemes, which serve as prosthetic groups of respiratory enzymes, and chlorophylls, which are the major photosynthetic light-harvesting pigments (Senge, 1993). All carbon and nitrogen atoms of tetrapyrroles are derived from 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) whose formation provides the basic control point in the multistep pathway of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, especially in the case of chlorophyll during darkllight transitions (Beale and Weinstein, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis at the level of 5-aminolevulinate formation in Arabidopsis.

1994

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5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles, such as chlorophyll and heme. The major control of chlorophyll biosynthesis is at the step of ALA formation. In the chloroplasts of plants, as in Escherichia coli, ALA is derived from the glutamate of GIu-tRNA via the two-step C5 pathway. The first enzyme, GIu-tRNA reductase, catalyzes the reduction of GIu-tRNA to glutamate 1-semialdehyde with the release of intact tRNA. The second enzyme, glutamate 1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase, converts glutamate 1-semialdehyde to ALA. To further examine ALA formation in plants, we isolated Arabidopsis genes that encode the enzymes of the C5 pathway via functional complementation of mutations in the corresponding genes of E. coli. The GIu-tRNA reductase gene was designated HEMA and the glutamate 1-semialdehyde 2,l-aminomutase gene, GSA7. Each gene contains two short introns (149 and 241 nucleotides for HEMA, 153 and 86 nucleotides for GSA7). The deduced amino acid sequence of the HEMA protein predicts a protein of 60 kD with substantial similarity (30 to 47% identity) to sequences derived from the known hemA genes from microorganisms that make ALA by the C5 pathway. Purified Arabidopsis HEMA protein has GIutRNA reductase activity. The GSA7 gene encodes a 50-kD protein whose deduced amino acid sequence shows extensive homology (55 to 78% identity) with glutamate 1-semialdehyde 2,l-aminomutase proteins from other species. RNA gel blot analyses indicated that transcripts for both genes are found in root, leaf, stem, and flower tissues and that their levels are dramatically elevated by light. Thus, light may regulate ALA, and hence chlorophyll formation, by exerting coordinated transcriptional control over both enzymes of the C5 pathway.

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“…They are involved in various metabolic processes, such as energy transfer, signal transduction, and catalysis (Dailey, 1990;Senge, 1993). Both linear and cyclic tetrapyrroles are highly reactive; they are able to form radicals upon exposure to light and oxygen.…”

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The Regulation of Enzymes Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis

Reinbothe

1996

European Journal of Biochemistry

125

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All living organisms contain tetrapyrroles. In plants, chlorophyll (chlorophyll a plus chlorophyll b) is the most abundant and probably most important tetrapyrrole. It is involved in light absorption and energy transduction during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is synthesized from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamate via the C, pathway. This pathway takes place in the chloroplast. It is the aim of this review to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the C,-pathway enzymes, their regulated expression in response to light, and the impact of chlorophyll biosynthesis on chloroplast development. Particular emphasis will be placed on the key regulatory steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid formation, the production of Mg*+-protoporphyrin IX, and light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction.

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Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis and Chemistry of the Chlorophylls

Cited by 40 publications

References 233 publications

Conversion of Chlorophyll b to Chlorophyll a via 7-Hydroxymethyl Chlorophyll

Conversion of Chlorophyll b to Chlorophyll a via 7-Hydroxymethyl Chlorophyll

Light regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis at the level of 5-aminolevulinate formation in Arabidopsis.

The Regulation of Enzymes Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis

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