Recent Advances in the Biological Activity of s-Triazine Core Compounds

Abstract

An effective strategy for successful chemotherapy relies on creating compounds with high selectivity against cancer cells compared to normal cells and relatively low cytotoxicity. One such approach is the discovery of critical points in cancer cells, i.e., where specific enzymes that are potential therapeutic targets are generated. Triazine is a six-membered heterocyclic ring compound with three nitrogen replacing carbon-hydrogen units in the benzene ring structure. The subject of this review is the symmetrical 1,3,5-triazine, known as s-triazine. 1,3,5-triazine is one of the oldest heterocyclic compounds available. Because of its low cost and high availability, it has attracted researcher attention for novel synthesis. s-Triazine has a weak base, it has much weaker resonance energy than benzene, therefore, nucleophilic substitution is preferred to electrophilic substitution. Heterocyclic bearing a symmetrical s-triazine core represents an interesting class of compounds possessing a wide spectrum of biological properties such as anti-cancer, antiviral, fungicidal, insecticidal, bactericidal, herbicidal and antimicrobial, antimalarial agents. They also have applications as dyes, lubricants, and analytical reagents. Hence, the group of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives has developed over the years. Triazine is not only the core amongst them, but is also a factor increasing the kinetic potential of the entire derivatives. Modifying the structure and introducing new substituents makes it possible to obtain compounds with broad inhibitory activity on processes such as proliferation. In some cases, s-triazine derivatives induce cell apoptosis. In this review we will present currently investigated 1,3,5-triazine derivatives with anti-cancer activities, with particular emphasis on their inhibition of enzymes involved in the process of tumorigenesis.

A novel star-shaped trinuclear platinum(ii) complex based on a 1,3,5-triazine core displaying potent antiproliferative activity against TNBC by the mitochondrial injury and DNA damage mechanism

“…1,3,5-Triazine is an important heterocyclic pharmacophore and its ring has been extensively explored as a scaffold for the design and construction of molecules with therapeutically useful properties. 33,34 Particularly, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of anticancer agents based on the 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. 35 Currently, a number of 1,3,5-triazine-based compounds with remarkable antitumor activities and specific target selectivity have been reported and some of them reached clinical development.…”

Soluble and highly fluorescent conjugated polymer network: non-oxidative reversible doping, cell imaging and anticancer activity

“…In addition, 1,3,5-triazine derivatives that demonstrate antitumor activity have received a lot of attention recently. 32,33 Earlier literature reports suggest that most biological studies are performed using 1,3,5-triazine-based small molecules. 32 Here, we report two triazine-based conjugated polymer network (TCPN) molecules with a donor-acceptor structure by conjugating a thiophene (donor) unit with the triazine ring (acceptor) through a phenyl linker.…”

“…In addition, 1,3,5-triazine derivatives that demonstrate antitumor activity have received a lot of attention recently. 32,33 Earlier literature reports suggest that most biological studies are performed using 1,3,5-triazine-based small molecules. 32…”

New antiproliferative agents derived from tricyclic 3,4‐dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a][1,3,5]triazine scaffold: Synthesis and pharmacological effects

“…The s‐triazine nitrogen heterocycle was inserted in the tricyclic BIT core structure due to the well‐known antiproliferative and antiautophagic activity exerted by a number of its derivatives. [ 26–30 ] Moreover, position 2 was functionalized with an amide group variously decorated with a phenyl‐substituted isoxazole moiety, in virtue of the considerable attention received by this five‐membered heterocycle as a promising framework for the discovery of novel drugs with a wide spectrum of biological activities. [ 7,8 ]…”