Recent advances in surface functionalization techniques on polymethacrylate materials for optical biosensor applications

Abstract

Biosensor chips for immune-based assay systems have been investigated for their application in early diagnostics. The development of such systems strongly depends on the effective protein immobilization on polymer substrates. In order to achieve this complex heterogeneous interaction the polymer surface must be functionalized with chemical groups that are reactive towards proteins in a way that surface functional groups (such as carboxyl, -COOH; amine, -NH2; and hydroxyl, -OH) chemically or physically anchor the proteins to the polymer platform. Since the proteins are very sensitive towards their environment and can easily lose their activity when brought in close proximity to the solid surface, effective surface functionalization and high level of control over surface chemistry present the most important steps in the fabrication of biosensors. This paper reviews recent developments in surface functionalization and preparation of polymethacrylates for protein immobilization. Due to their versatility and cost effectiveness, this particular group of plastic polymers is widely used both in research and in industry.

Polymethacrylate coated electrospun PHB fibers: An exquisite outlook for fabrication of paper-based biosensors

“…These results can be interpreted referring to the well-known fact that overly functionalized surfaces would yield in lower immobilization rates due to the steric repulsion (Hosseini et al 2014b;Hosseini et al 2014d). …”

“…Nevertheless, even to date, patients might enter to the acute phase of the illness due to the frequently reported serious drawbacks of this very conventional assay. Some of the major shortages of ELISA assay can be listed as: time consuming and laborious procedure, inconsistency of the detection signal, errors in reproducing the results and large detection range required for relatively more accurate diagnosis (Alcon et al 2002;Hosseini et al 2014b). Therefore, the necessity of an additional intermediary that can enhance the performance of ELISA, leading to the timely detection and subsequently better surveillance, is tangible.…”

“…Electrospun fibers have proven great potentials in biosensing domain due to the high interconnectivity, porosity, micro/nano interstitial space and high surface area available for biomolecule interaction (Ma et al 2006). On the other hand, presence of effective functional groups such as carboxyl (-COOH), amine (-NH 2 ), hydroxyl (-OH) and sulfhydryl (-SH) is very essential when covalent immobilization is aimed (Hosseini et al 2014a;Hosseini et al 2014b). …”

A novel approach for application of nylon membranes in the biosensing domain

“…Todays' methods for DV detection mostly rely on enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), which is still the most practically applied assay in the clinical practice. Since 1971, when the ELISA method has been invented, it was continually employed These are namely: polystyrene (PS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [6,13,14].…”

Paper and Fiber-Based Bio-Diagnostic Platforms: Current Challenges and Future Needs

“…This may make their application difficult for specific types of bio-diagnostic platforms [3]. Furthermore, even if the properties of the paper are not affected by modification techniques, there might be no ability to carefully control the generation of active functional groups and their focused distribution on the paper surface [101,102]. Optimal generation and distribution of the surface functional groups are crucial in biomolecule immobilization and subsequent detection of the analyte of interest.…”