“…[3][4][5] The Raman signals are enhanced by factors from 10 6 to 10 8 when the sample molecules are adsorbed on (or near) nanostructured surfaces or metal particles. We have developed such substrates in a variety of fashions, including silver-coated polystyrene, 6,7 fumed silica, 8 titanium dioxide, 9 and alumina. 10 Furthermore, these substrates have been applied to the detection of trace levels of environmentally significant compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds, 11 organophosphorus compounds, 12 chlorinated pesticides, 13 fungicides, 14 and other growth inhibitors.…”