Recent Advances in Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering

Abstract

The clinical application of stem cells in tissue engineering and regeneration is becoming more significant. However, its application has been limited by issues like reproducibility of the stem cells, ethical concerns of harvesting some of these stem cells, and controlling the fate of stem cells in vitro and in vivo. The advent of tissue engineering and regeneration has led to the fabrication of advanced biomaterials and scaffolds with enhanced ability to mimic and control the cellular microenvironment similar to that of innate stem cell niche. Combining the use of stem cells with biomaterials and scaffolds especially synthetic hydrogels that have exhibited physicochemical abilities and properties similar to native niche can be the future of tissue engineering in terms of formation of new tissues like bones. Recently, there has an increase in the use of either endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult mesenchymal stem cells in preclinical studies: however this is yet to be transferred to clinical setups as there are limitations in terms of regulations and ethical considerations. The purpose of this review is to give comprehensive details about the application of stem cells in tissue engineering.

The Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Carrier of Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical Research

“…Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively explored, as they exhibit plasticity, a high differentiation potential, and the ability to promote tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The most widely known and used MSCs are bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (BMSCs and ADSCs) due to their high osteogenic capacity [Ho et al, 2006;Yousefi et al, 2016;Mohammadian, 2018]. However, the highly invasive cell collection protocols, along with the risk of donor site morbidity, have led to the search for alternative sources.…”

Polycaprolactone usage in additive manufacturing strategies for tissue engineering applications: A review

“…Particularly, their potential to differentiate into bone, muscle, and cartilage has been widely explored in regenerative therapy 160,161 . They are promising in tissue engineering strategies as they can be harvested from human embryonic tissues or adult tissues (e.g., muscle, liver, lung, heart, blood, bone marrow, and adipose tissue), subsequently cultivated in vitro for cell differentiation and proliferation, incorporated into the scaffolds, preferably matured in bioreactors, and finally transplanted in the patient's body 162,163 …”

“…160,161 They are promising in tissue engineering strategies as they can be harvested from human embryonic tissues or adult tissues (e.g., muscle, liver, lung, heart, blood, bone marrow, and adipose tissue), subsequently cultivated in vitro for cell differentiation and proliferation, incorporated into the scaffolds, preferably matured in bioreactors, and finally transplanted in the patient's body. 162,163 Tissue regeneration was only the first step in the component production for the human body organ, but the utmost goal is the printability of entire organs, which functions properly to solve the transplantation crisis and save countless lives. 164 With this regard, some studies have already made breakthroughs on bladder, heart, liver and skin development, but they are still undergoing process or clinical tests.…”

Collagen scaffold for mesencyhmal stem cell from stromal vascular fraction (biocompatibility and attachment study): Experimental paper

“…They have also been reported to have the abilities to promote tissue homeostasis, growth, and repair, thereby contributing importantly to tissue and organ regeneration. Bio-fabricated scaffolds consist of decellularized biomaterials to provide structural and anatomical functions to the seeded stem cells, thereby resulting into successful formation of specific tissue [ 2 ].…”