Recent advances in solid‐state supercapacitors: From emerging materials to advanced applications

Abstract

Solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs) hold great promise for next-generation energy storage applications, particularly portable and wearable electronics, implementable medical devices, the Internet of Things (IoT), and smart textiles. This review is intended to present the broad picture of SSC technology by covering various kinds of all-solid-state and flexible solid-state supercapacitors.

Two-Dimensional Heterostructure of PPy/CNT–E. coli for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

“…This PPy coverage on the CNT seems to be all over the CNT fibers/particles, and eventually, PPy encapsulated them. Interestingly, the E. coli bacteria template has a tendency to create irregular bumps on the fibril morphologies of the PPy/CNT– E. coli composite electrode as shown in Figure 3 e,f [ 12 ]. Both intracellular and extracellular membrane features in E. coli cells are known to have an impact on the final composite electrode.…”

“…A high operational voltage can be obtained by connecting them in series [ 10 ]. Due to their high voltage window, asymmetric supercapacitors have also attracted attention [ 11 , 12 ], EDLC and pseudo-capacitive cathode types in particular. Metal oxides or conducting polymers like polyaniline or polypyrrole can be used as cathode materials.…”

“…As a result, these bacteria have been employed as a model for composite electrodes, providing thin sheets with a clearly defined shape. The interlocking pore networks, heteroatom moiety, and a sizable surface area in composite electrodes may all be directly related to the structure of bacteria [ 12 ].…”

MoS 2 nanosheets as bifunctional electrode for oxygen evolution reaction and electrochemical supercapacitor

“…Electrochemical capacitors have a large surface area for charge storage and hence store much more (tens or hundreds of F/g) charge than their conventional counterparts. On account of these superior properties, supercapacitors are preferred for multiple applications including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, military applications, power electronics, aerospace applications, etc 4 . However, they have limited optimal discharge time due to lower specific energy than batteries, and this restricts their use in some applications 5 …”

“…On account of these superior properties, supercapacitors are preferred for multiple applications including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, military applications, power electronics, aerospace applications, etc. 4 However, they have limited optimal discharge time due to lower specific energy than batteries, and this restricts their use in some applications. 5 Industrial Revolution in Europe that spread worldwide shortly changed the way human beings interacted/ operated with nature and mother Earth.…”