Recent advances in simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A and its conjugates in human matrices: Exposure biomarker perspectives

Abstract

Human exposures to bisphenol A (BPA) has attained considerable global health attention and represents one of the leading environmental contaminants with potential adverse health effects including endocrine disruption. Current practice of measuring of exposure to BPA includes the measurement of unconjugated BPA (aglycone) and total (both conjugated and unconjugated) BPA; the difference between the two measurements leads to estimation of conjugated forms. However, the measurement of BPA as the end analyte leads to inaccurate estimates from potential interferences from background sources during sample collection and analysis. BPA glucuronides (BPAG) and sulfates (BPAS) represent better candidates for biomarkers of BPA exposure, since they require in vivo metabolism and are not prone to external contamination. In this work, the primary focus was to review the current state of the art in analytical methods available to quantitate BPA conjugates. The entire analytical procedure for the simultaneous extraction and detection of aglycone BPA and conjugates is covered, from sample pre-treatment, extraction, separation, ionization, and detection. Solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatograph and tandem mass spectrometer analysis provides the most sensitive detection and quantification of BPA conjugates. Discussed herein are the applications of BPA conjugates analysis in human exposure assessment studies. Measuring these potential biomarkers of BPA exposure has only recently become analytically feasible and there are limitations and challenges to overcome in biomonitoring studies.

Development of analytical method of melamine in placenta from pregnant women by isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

“…Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has become an important tool for the analysis of metabolic changes in body fluids and tissues; it sheds some light into disease mechanisms, and has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease . Human biomonitoring, which includes the measurement of biomarkers in bodily fluids (e.g., blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, sweat, and other specimens), can directly reflect the total body burden and biological effect exposures via different routes of exposure as well as inter‐individual variability in exposure levels, metabolism and excretion rates .…”

“…it sheds some light into disease mechanisms, and has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. 47,48 Human biomonitoring, which includes the measurement of biomarkers in bodily fluids (e.g., blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, sweat, and other specimens), can directly reflect the total body burden and biological effect exposures via different routes of exposure as well as inter-individual variability in exposure levels, metabolism and excretion rates. 49,50 Prenatal exposure to elevated levels of certain environmental chemicals may impact the health of the fetus and may have long-lasting effects into adulthood.…”

Development of an on-line solid phase extraction ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography technique coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of bisphenol S and bisphenol S glucuronide: Applicability to toxicokinetic investigations

“…With this kind of method, BPS-G concentrations can only be assayed by subtracting the unconjugated BPS assayed prior to hydrolysis from the total BPS found after hydrolysis. Such a method is not optimal since a large sample volume is required (which is time-consuming), the use of enzyme constitutes a biological source of variability and specificity for BPS-G is lacking as the usual enzymes target not only BPS-G but other BPS conjugates [26]. Consequently, enzymatic hydrolysis is not a suitable method for TK studies.…”

Determination of four bisphenols in water and urine samples by magnetic dispersive solid‐phase extraction using a modified zeolite/iron oxide composite prior to liquid chromatography diode array detection

“…It is mainly used as a monomer to synthesize polymeric materials such as polycarbonates and epoxy resins in the plastics industry for food containers and packaging materials, and coatings on metal cans and bottle tops . Human exposure to BPA primarily occurs from oral ingestion and dietary sources and through inhalation and dermal routes . BPA is one of the most documented endocrine disruptors in humans due to its structural similarity to natural hormones such as estradiol and diethylstilbestrol.…”

“…Given the potentially adverse effects of BPA in humans, there has been growing concern about BPA release into food and environmental matrices worldwide in recent years. Therefore, many analytical methods for BPA determination in environmental, food, and biological samples have been developed in the last two decades .…”