“…Chromatography can be categorized based on the type of ligand employed, such as ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, and mixed-mode chromatography. − The performance of chromatography is greatly affected by the type and operating mode of ligands. , Therefore, the discovery and optimization of ligands have always been a major focus of research in chromatography development. − However, the rate of discovery of new effective ligands has recently decreased. Fortunately, some studies have determined promising results by optimizing ligand operation modes. − For example, the grafting of ligands to create a three-dimensional distribution has been shown to increase chromatographic adsorption capacity. ,− Sun and colleagues , conducted a systematic study on an anion exchanger of polyethylenimine (PEI)-grafted Sepharose FF and demonstrated enhanced adsorption capacity, effective pore diffusion, and an upgraded adsorption rate of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Similarly, Liu et al , examined a polymer-grafted hydrophobic charge-induction chromatographic resin, which showed superior saturated adsorption capacity and effective pore diffusion compared to nongrafted resin when used to adsorb human immunoglobulin G (hIgG).…”