Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanomedicines for Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat cancer, since it facilitates eradication of cancer by enhancing innate and/or adaptive immunity without using cytotoxic drugs. Of the immunotherapeutic approaches, significant clinical potentials are shown in cancer vaccination, immune checkpoint therapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, conventional immunotherapies often involve immune‐related adverse effects, such as liver dysfunction, hypophysitis, type I diabetes, and neuropathy. In an attempt to address these issues, polymeric nanomedicines are extensively investigated in recent years. In this review, recent advances in polymeric nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are highlighted and thoroughly discussed in terms of 1) antigen presentation, 2) activation of antigen‐presenting cells and T cells, and 3) promotion of effector cells. Also, the future perspectives to develop ideal nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are provided.

A Hybrid Eukaryotic–Prokaryotic Nanoplatform with Photothermal Modality for Enhanced Antitumor Vaccination

“…[ 6 ] More recently, emerging CMV‐based nanovaccine that integrates the immunotherapy with other therapeutic modalities makes it possible to achieve the synergy of potent tumor ablation and durable tumor inhibition. [ 7 ] When it comes to the exploitation of CMV‐based synergetic strategy, artificial modification, complicated fabrication or multiple administration is needed due to the limitations of nature CMVs. [ 8 ] It is thus essential to improve the functionality and expandability of CMV‐platform for effective anticancer vaccination and complementary therapeutics accommodation, enabling combination therapy.…”

EGFP-EGF1-conjugated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles as a carrier for the delivery of CCR2− shRNA to atherosclerotic macrophage in vitro

“…Results showed that CCR2-shRNA encapsulated ENPs could more efficiently inhibit CCR2 expression than NPs. PLGA is one of the most widely used biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle that is approved by FDA 43,44 . Fusion protein EGFP-EGF1 is synthesized based on the TF gene in the EGF1 region and has a specific affinity to TF.…”

Improving Cancer Immunotherapy Outcomes Using Biomaterials

“…Polymers are one of the most used multifunctional materials in biomedicine.T hey have been adopted to deliver various therapeutics via micellar structures or polymer-drug conjugates,a nd some polymers show special photochemical characteristics that are useful for cancer theranostic applica-tions.V arious types of polymer-based materials such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), chitosan, and polyethyleneimine,h ave been employed as adjuvants or as neoantigen carriers for antitumor immunity augmentation. [11] Polymer-based materials can simultaneously deliver agents with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to enhance conventional therapies such as chemotherapy,p hotodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy,a nd gene editing, highlighting their potential to induce immunogenic cell death and antitumor immunity. [12] Forinstance,F eng et al reported the use of alight-activatable prodrug of oxaliplatin, aphotosensitizer pheophorbide Ac ombined with an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase1 (IDO-1) inhibitor to efficiently elicit an immune response and to promote intratumor infiltration of cytotoxic Tlymphocytes.…”