“…Inspired by the composition of adhesive proteins in mussels, Lee and co-workers 16,17 have shown that dopamine (DA) through the self-polymerization process can form thin, surface-adherent polydopamine films (PDA) 18,19 onto a wide range of inorganic and organic materials, including noble metals, oxides, polymers, semiconductors, and ceramics. 20–26…”