Recent Advances in Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury

Kaur, Parmeet; Sharma, Saurabh

doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170613083606

Cited by 284 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…The primary injury arises from the mechanical damage occurring at the time of the impact, being exclusively responsive to preventive measures [8,14]. On the macroscopic level, damage can be recognized by shearing of white-matter tracts, diffuse swelling, focal contusions, and intracerebral and extracerebral hematomas [15][16][17].…”

Section: Primary Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of Early Tracheostomy in TBI Patients

França¹,

Tavares²,

Paiva³

et al. 2021

Advancement and New Understanding in Brain Injury

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Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are constantly submitted to interventions to cope secondary injury and insults. Oxygen therapy is mostly initiated by endotracheal intubation at the scene of the accident. Due to the severity of the trauma, prolonged mechanical ventilation is expected and tracheostomy (TQT) is often indicated. TQT became one of the most common bedside surgical procedure performed in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). However, discussion regarding the optimal time for TQT placement to improve outcomes of severe TBI patients remains under discussion. This chapter aims to review TBI's physiopathology and enlighten early tracheostomy's role in severe TBI management.

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Section: Primary Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of Early Tracheostomy in TBI Patients

França¹,

Tavares²,

Paiva³

et al. 2021

Advancement and New Understanding in Brain Injury

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“…One of these areas that we mimic is head injuries, as the degree of injury severity is distinguished as mild, moderate, or severe, and consists of primary and secondary phases. [28,29] The primary phase is the initial point of active mechanical stimulation while the secondary phase is the period post stimulation. During the primary phase, the force transduced is largely compressive from the initial impact-derived deformation.…”

Section: Mechanical Excitation Testbed Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D In Vitro Neuron on a Chip for Probing Calcium Mechanostimulation

et al. 2020

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3D cell-to-cell interactions form potentially providing new in vitro approaches to study and mimic the response of biological and cellular processes. One particularly interesting area to study is mechanical stimulation due to its importance in a wide range of physiological systems from cardiac to neural areas. In the neural domain, previous approaches for examining the effects of in vitro mechanical loading on cells have focused mostly on local stimulation of single or multiple neurons cultured on planar substrates. These approaches have proven to be useful for understanding how mechanical stimuli are transduced to biochemical signals including being integrated with micro-fabricated environments. [5-8] While much of the knowledge of cellular biomechanics focuses on our understanding from planar substrates, these 2D systems unfortunately lack physiological aspects such as three dimensionality as well as the complexity of tissue and neuronal function. 3D culture systems can enhance the analysis of integrated interactions between tissue and neural response to recapitulate the natural microenvironment with spatiotemporal details, which may be relevant in understanding many issues including Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury (TBI). [9,10,11] This type of understanding of biomechanics is particularly important as TBI can result from a diversity of situations such as a car crash, an innocuous fall, sports injury, and sudden jolts or blows to the head. Annually these types of issues affect ≈1.5 million people in the United States and 69 million individuals worldwide as well as accounting for one third of all injury-related deaths in the United States affecting every stage of life from adolescents to the elderly. [12,13] Precisely identifying the importance of dysfunction and pathomorphological expressions after external mechanical insult is very important. These responses include a variety of factors such as compressive strains and subcellular responses. The approaches with tissue-on-a-chip systems could help in these areas as representative building blocks for assessing in vitro, multi-dimensional organ architectures toward physiological understanding and treatment. Understanding cell responses under mechanical stimulation can be probed through many techniques. One approach involves an important molecular signature related

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“…Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex disease process involving a multitude of pathophysiological processes that contribute to long-term changes in brain structure and function 1,2 . Mammalian models have uncovered many biomechanical, metabolic, biochemical and molecular events that contribute to the secondary injury response of TBI 3,4 .…”

Section: Introduction Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

dTBI: A paradigm for closed-head injury in Drosophila

Saikumar¹,

Kim²,

Byrns³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Drosophila models have been instrumental in providing insights into molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration, that are applicable to human disease. We have recently described a model of controlled head injury to flies, which remarkably parallels many of the physiological responses of humans to traumatic brain injury (TBI). This protocol describes the construction, calibration and use the of the Drosophila TBI (dTBI) device, a platform that employs a piezoelectric actuator to reproducibly deliver a force, which briefly compresses the fly head against a metal surface. The extent of head compression can be specified, allowing the operator to set different thresholds of injury. Using readily available components and tools, the device can be assembled and calibrated within two days, for a total cost of ~$700. The dTBI device can be used to harness the power of Drosophila genetics and perform large-scale genetic or pharmacological screens, using a 7-day post-injury survival curve to identify modifiers of injury.

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Recent Advances in Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 284 publications

References 139 publications

Benefits of Early Tracheostomy in TBI Patients

Benefits of Early Tracheostomy in TBI Patients

3D In Vitro Neuron on a Chip for Probing Calcium Mechanostimulation

dTBI: A paradigm for closed-head injury in Drosophila

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