Recent advances in (patho)physiology of astroglia

Verkhratsky, Alexei; Parpura, Vladimir

doi:10.1038/aps.2010.108

Cited by 64 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Recently, increasing evidence suggests that astrocytes participate actively and importantly in information processing, signal transmission, and regulation of synaptic plasticity [29]. Astrogliosis correlates inversely with cognitive function [30,31], and enhanced GFAP contributes to impaired spatial learning and memory abilities [32]. The precise mechanisms leading to exacerbated seizureinduced spatial learning deficits due to MIA remain unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal immune activation increases seizure susceptibility in juvenile rat offspring

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal immune activation increases seizure susceptibility in juvenile rat offspring

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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“…After activation by a stroke and the related milieu, astrocytes are hostile to neuronal recovery. Primarily, astrocytes amplify neuroinflammation by secreting various types of cytokines and chemokines [2] . In addition, astrocytes can proliferate and form glial scars, which impedes the growth of neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connexin 43 stabilizes astrocytes in a stroke-like milieu to facilitate neuronal recovery

Feng

2015

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Aim: Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a member of connexin family mainly expressed in astrocytes, which forms gap junctions and hemichannels and maintains the normal shape and function of astrocytes. In this study we investigated the role of Cx43 in astrocytes in facilitating neuronal recovery during ischemic stroke. Methods: Primary culture of astrocytes or a mixed culture of astrocytes and cortical neurons was subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R). The expression of Cx43 and Ephrin-A4 in astrocytes was detected using immunocytochemical staining and Western blot assays. Intercellular Ca 2+ concentration was determined with Fluo-4 AM fluorescent staining. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats were used for in vivo studies. Results: OGD/R treatment of cultured astrocytes caused a decrement of Cx43 expression and translocation of Cx43 from cell membrane to cytoplasm, accompanied by cell retraction. Furthermore, OGD/R increased intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, activated CaMKII/CREB pathways and upregulated expression of Ephrin-A4 in the astrocytes. All these changes in OGD/R-treated astrocytes were alleviated by overexpression of Cx43. In the cortical neurons cultured with astrocytes, OGD/R inhibited the neurite growth, whereas overexpression of Cx43 or knockdown of Ephrin-A4 in astrocytes restored the neurite growth. In MCAO model rats, neuronal recovery was found to be correlated with the recuperation of Cx43 and Ephrin-A4 in astrocytes. Conclusion: Cx43 can stabilize astrocytes and facilitate the resistance to the deleterious effects of a stroke-like milieu and promote neuronal recovery.

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Section: Carbon Nanotubes As Biocompatible Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, astrocytes may contribute to information processing in the CNS and act as secretory elements able to release a multitude of neuroactive substances important for long-lasting regulation of neuronal function and synaptic plasticity [11]. Astroglia are also capable of mounting complex defensive responses to brain injury (generally referred to as reactive astrogliosis) that are fundamental for the progression and outcome of essentially all neurological disorders [12,13].Because CNTs are considered suitable candidates for drug delivery or brain -machine interface (BMI) applications, it is critically important to understand the effects that CNTs have on astrocytes. CNTs can be used in biological applications either as colloidal solutes or as substrates/strata on which the cells can attach and grow.…”

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confidence: 99%

Probing astroglia with carbon nanotubes: modulation of form and function

Gottipati

Verkhratsky

Parpura

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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0000-0003-2592-9898; VP, 0000-0002-4643-2197 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown much promise in neurobiology and biomedicine. Their structural stability and ease of chemical modification make them compatible for biological applications. In this review, we discuss the effects that chemically functionalized CNTs, applied as colloidal solutes or used as strata, have on the morpho-functional properties of astrocytes, the most abundant cells present in the brain, with an insight into the potential use of CNTs in neural prostheses. Carbon nanotubes as biocompatible materialCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their many desirable properties (size, strength, flexibility, conductivity, etc.) have shown much promise in biomedical applications, especially in neural prostheses. They are relatively inert and can be chemically modified using various functional groups depending on the application.CNTs are made up of a single sheet of graphene rolled into a cylinder. They can consist of a single cylinder of graphene, single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 2 nm, or of multiple coaxial cylinders, multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), with their outer diameters ranging from 2 to 100 nm and inner diameters ranging from 1 to 3 nm, and lengths ranging from 1 to several micrometres; these coaxial structures can also assume an intermediate form, i.e. double-walled CNTs. CNTs are produced using a variety of methods, including electric arc, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition in the presence of catalysts, usually Fe, Ni, Co, Y or Mo, or their combinations (e.g. nickel and yttrium, typically, in approx. 4 : 1 weight ratio). Depending on the conformation of the carbon atoms in the graphene sheet, CNTs have three different configurations, which also dictate their conductivity: armchair, chiral or zigzag. All armchair CNTs are metallic, whereas chiral or zigzag CNTs can either be metallic or semiconducting (reviewed in [1,2]).To enhance the biocompatibility of the CNTs, as well as their dispersion in aqueous media, they can be modified via non-covalent or covalent attachment of molecules. A wide range of compounds such as DNA, proteins and lipids can be adsorbed onto the CNTs creating non-covalently functionalized CNTs. However, for a permanent attachment, the compounds have to be covalently linked to the CNTs. The most common way to do this is by incubating the CNTs with a strong oxidizing agent, e.g. nitric acid, which adds carboxyl groups to the ends of the CNTs or any defect sites. To obtain CNTs linked to other compounds, this carboxyl group can be converted to an acyl chloride intermediate, which can then be reacted with the compound of interest, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or poly-m-aminobenzene sulfonic (PABS) acid (reviewed in [3]). Astroglia: the homeostatic scaffold of the central nervous systemAstroglia are a highly heterogeneous population of cells of ectodermal (i.e. neural) origin that provide for homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) [4]. In the & 2014 The Author(s) Published by the ...

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Recent advances in (patho)physiology of astroglia

Cited by 64 publications

References 106 publications

Maternal immune activation increases seizure susceptibility in juvenile rat offspring

Maternal immune activation increases seizure susceptibility in juvenile rat offspring

Connexin 43 stabilizes astrocytes in a stroke-like milieu to facilitate neuronal recovery

Probing astroglia with carbon nanotubes: modulation of form and function

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