Recent Advances in PAMP-Triggered Immunity against Bacteria: Pattern Recognition Receptors Watch over and Raise the Alarm

Nicaise, Valérie; Roux, Milena; Zipfel, Cyril

doi:10.1104/pp.109.139709

Cited by 322 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 158 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…Two of these effectors, AvrRpm1 and AvrB, induce phosphorylation of RIN4, whereas the protease AvrRpt2 cleaves RIN4. Two additional P. syringae type-III effectors, AvrPto and AvrPtoB, physically interact with the kinase domains of the immunoreceptors FLS2, EFR, and CERK1, thereby interfering with multiple PTI signaling pathways (Nicaise et al 2009). In contrast, the effectors HopAI1 and HopF2 inhibit downstream steps of the same PTI signaling pathways targeted by AvrPto and AvrPtoB.…”

Section: Effector-targeted Pathways: Functional Redundancy Among Pathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Win

Chaparro-Garcia

Belhaj

et al. 2012

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

350

329

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Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the biology of plants. The field of plant-biotic interactions has recently coalesced around an integrated model. Major classes of molecular players both from plants and their associated organisms have been revealed. These include cell surface and intracellular immune receptors of plants as well as apoplastic and host-cell-translocated (cytoplasmic) effectors of the invading organism. This article focuses on effectors, molecules secreted by plant-associated organisms that alter plant processes. Effectors have emerged as a central class of molecules in our integrated view of plant-microbe interactions. Their study has significantly contributed to advancing our knowledge of plant hormones, plant development, plant receptors, and epigenetics. Many pathogen effectors are extraordinary examples of biological innovation; they include some of the most remarkable proteins known to function inside plant cells. Here, we review some of the key concepts that have emerged from the study of the effectors of plant-associated organisms. In particular, we focus on how effectors function in plant tissues and discuss future perspectives in the field of effector biology.

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Section: Effector-targeted Pathways: Functional Redundancy Among Pathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Win

Chaparro-Garcia

Belhaj

et al. 2012

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

350

329

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“…The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) FLS2 is the receptor for the bacterial PAMP flagellin or its active epitope, represented by the peptide flg22 (1, 2). Binding of flg22 to FLS2 triggers heterodimerization with and phosphorylation of the LRR-RK BAK1 (3,4). In addition, both FLS2 and BAK1 are able to interact with and phosphorylate the cytoplasmic kinase BIK1, which seems to act as positive regulator of the FLS2 signaling pathway (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, both FLS2 and BAK1 are able to interact with and phosphorylate the cytoplasmic kinase BIK1, which seems to act as positive regulator of the FLS2 signaling pathway (5,6). FLS2 activation leads to activation of the MAP kinase pathways MEKK-MKK4/5-MPK3/6 and MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4, leading to transcription of defense-related genes through the WRKY transcription factors WRKY22/29 and WRKY25/33 (3). Recently, another pathway involving the calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) 4/5/6/11 has been proposed to act in parallel to the MAPK pathways to control flg22-dependent gene expression (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct transcriptional control of the Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 by the ethylene-dependent transcription factors EIN3 and EIL1

Boutrot

Segonzac

Chang

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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211

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In plant innate immunity, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase FLS2 recognizes the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin. The molecular mechanisms underlying PAMP perception are not fully understood. Here, we reveal that the gaseous phytohormone ethylene is an integral part of PAMPtriggered immunity. Plants mutated in the key ethylene-signaling protein EIN2 are impaired in all FLS2-mediated responses, correlating with reduced FLS2 transcription and protein accumulation. The EIN3 and EIN3-like transcription factors, which depend on EIN2 activity for their accumulation, directly control FLS2 expression. Our results reveal a direct role for ethylene in regulation of an innate immune receptor.innate immunity | receptor kinase

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“…PRRs are critical to elicit PTI responses and to restrict pathogen ingress (Boller and Felix, 2009;Nicaise et al, 2009;Zhang and Zhou, 2010;. To date, all known plant PRRs are modular transmembrane proteins containing ligand binding ectodomains that function as part of multiprotein complexes (Böhm et al, 2014;Zipfel, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Callose deposition and PTI marker gene upregulation are usually observed later (Zipfel and Robatzek, 2010). Activation of PTI leads to broad resistance to pathogens (Nicaise et al, 2009;Tsuda and Katagiri, 2010;Zeng et al, 2010;Desclos-Theveniau et al, 2012). Virulent bacterial pathogens inject proteins, some of which suppress PTI (Deslandes and Rivas, 2012;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retraction

2015

The Plant Cell

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The authors of the above article request that it be retracted from The Plant Cell and issue the following statement:After publication of the article, we discovered irregularities and inappropriate data manipulation in Figure 6C produced by the first author Ching-Wei Chen from the Zimmerli laboratory. Specifically, the same blot image improperly appears twice in Figure 6, once in Figure 6A corresponding to the IP: a-GFP blot for FLS2-GFP and again in Figure 6C as IP: a-GFP for CERK1-GFP. We repeated these experiments but found that the original results associated with Figure 6C could not be replicated and instead suggest the potential for interaction between IOS1 and CERK1 in vivo in Nicotiana benthamiana. This raises questions about some of the conclusions of the article, and we feel the best course of action is to retract the article. We believe a major conclusion of the article remains unaffected, namely, that IOS1 is involved in the regulation of flg22-and elf18-triggered responses. However, we cannot rule out an additional role for IOS1 in mediating signaling by CERK1. We are undertaking follow-up experiments to verify the major findings and clarify the role of IOS1 in plant immunity signaling.www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.15.00374The Plant Cell, Vol. 27: 1563, May 2015 Plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). A reverse genetics approach on genes responsive to the priming agent b-aminobutyric acid (BABA) revealed IMPAIRED OOMYCETE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (IOS1) as a critical PTI player. Arabidopsis thaliana ios1 mutants were hypersusceptible to Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. Accordingly, ios1 mutants showed defective PTI responses, notably delayed upregulation of the PTI marker gene FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1, reduced callose deposition, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation upon MAMP treatment. Moreover, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing IOS1 were more resistant to bacteria and showed a primed PTI response. In vitro pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, coimmunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry analyses supported the existence of complexes between the membrane-localized IOS1 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1)-dependent PRRs FLS2 and EFR, as well as with the BAK1-independent PRR CERK1. IOS1 also associated with BAK1 in a ligand-independent manner and positively regulated FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon MAMP treatment. In addition, IOS1 was critical for chitinmediated PTI. Finally, ios1 mutants were defective in BABA-induced resistance and priming. This work reveals IOS1 as a novel regulatory protein of FLS2-, EFR-, and CERK1-mediated signaling pathways that primes PTI activation. INTRODUCTIONPlants possess multilayered recognition systems that detect pathogens at various stages of infection and proliferation. Recognition of m...

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Recent Advances in PAMP-Triggered Immunity against Bacteria: Pattern Recognition Receptors Watch over and Raise the Alarm

Cited by 322 publications

References 158 publications

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Direct transcriptional control of the Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 by the ethylene-dependent transcription factors EIN3 and EIL1

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